Helping and Harming Flashcards
(36 cards)
difference between pro social behaviour, helping and cooperation?
pro social: behaviour intended to help someone else
helping: offering resources to make it easier for someone
cooperation: 2 or more peeps working together where goal will benefit all involved
what are the key take aways about the need for one to perceive the someone else needs help
- situations are often ambiguous so determining if someone needs help can be tough
- we often look to others reactions to reduce ambiguity
what are the phases of determining when people help others?
- perceived that someone does need help
2. assessment on whether or not someone deserves help?
what influences whether or not someone deserves help? what are the sub theories?
norms of helping
- social responsibility (help vulnerable)
- relational models (different relationships in different contexts eg a market pricing relationship based on equity)
- recipient responsibility (did the person bring it on themselves?)
how can attributes of the recipient influence helping?
- identity (in group is more likely to receive help than out group)
- identifiability of victim (more likely to give to specific victim than statistics about this victim “group”
how can attributes of the helper influence helping?
- individual differences (eg big 5, particularly agreeableness)
- is helping on the helper’s mind? (accessibility of pro social thoughts (video game study)
how did darley and latane 1968 investigate the bystander effect? what did they find?
the phone call with 1, 2, or 5 other people over the intercom where individual had a seizure on the call… the more people, the less likely participants were to help (diffusion of responsibility)
what are the situational and social factors that determine helping?
- do i need to help (diffusion of responsibility)
- is help expected? (norm of privacy)
- do I have time? (good samaritan)
how did shotland and straw (1976) investigate the norm of privacy?
had a man and a woman fighting and the woman changed what she said (1. i don’t know you vs. i don’t know why i married you)
found people were much more likely to intervene if it was a “stranger”
how did darley and batson (1973) investigate the good samaritan study?
had participants prepare talk on jobs or on good samaritan study, and 3 conditions (hurry, intermediate hurry, control, no hurry)… found more likely to help more time you had
how did dunn et al 2008 study how helping others feels good?
asked participants to spend money on themselves or on someone else and the next day were asked how they felt, and the ones who spent on others felt better
what is the theory behind egoism/ to be an egoist>
do we help others to feel good about ourselves
what theory is at the heart of the negative state relief model?
that if helping makes me feel better, i should be more inclined to help when I feel bad in order to relieve negative states
how did cialdini, darby and vincent 1973 investigate egosim
induced negative state by participants causing or witnessing papers falling off desk, then were or were not exposed to praise (alleviating negative state)… those who were in neg state which was not alleviated felt more guilt and were more likely to help in other opportunity
what is the base of the empathy altruism model?
when we see someone suffer we feel personal distress which will cause us to help if there is no other way to reduce aversive state, BUT we also feel empathic concern, which will trigger helping regardless if there are other ways of reducing our internal aversive state (eg, leaving the situation)
how did batson et al 1981 investigate the empathy altruism model?
participants watch Elaine the learner receive electric shocks when learning word stuff
then found out elaine had fear of electric shocks….
then manipulated the empathy felt towards elaine (via how similar she was to participant), and also how easy it was to escape (watch her get shocked 2 or 8 times)
found that regardless of ease of escape, if they felt more empathy towards her, they were more likely to take her place
how can helping be increased?
- reducing ambiguity
- teach and activate pro social norms
- infuse don’t diffuse responsibility
- promote identification with those who need help
what is the difference between dependency oriented vs autonomy - oriented help? what do people general prefer?
Dependency: provide them with full solution (feed them for a day)
autonomy: provide them with knowledge tools to solve own problems (teach them to fish to feed them for a lifetime)
prefer AO
how did alvarez and van leeuwen investigate autonomy v dependency oriented help?
what did they find
problem solving task, help from either professor or peer, and either received autonomy v dependency (the answers)
they they preferred to receive autonomy help, but they preferred professors who gave them autonomy instead of dependency, but preferred peers who game them dependency (the answers) instead of autonomy
what is aggression?
behaviour intended to harm someone else
what are the two types of aggression?
- instrumental (used a means to reach a goal, means to an end)
- hostile (driven by anger)
how/why are “cultures of honour” aggressive?
argues that there are norms for aggression as there is an expectation that men should be tough and loyal and ready to fight…. this is so these people can enforce one’s rights/protect family etc when government and police institutions fail to do so
what did cohen, nisbett (1996) investigate?
how northern v southern americans responded to a staged insult (a bump/calling them an arsehole)
found that southerns were observed as responding more aggressively
what is Berkowitz 1989 frustration aggression hypothesis?
frustration can lead to aggression if it gives rise to negative emotions and arousal… not just goal blocking by itself
