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relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

sexual selection

A

evolutionary explanation of partner preference. characteristics which aid reproductive success are passed on and may become exaggerated over generations.

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2
Q

human reproductive behaviour

A

any behaviours which relate to opportunities to reproduce and thereby increase the survival chance of our genes. it includes the evolutionary mechanisms underlying our partner preferences such as mate choice and mate competition.

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3
Q

anisogamy

A

the difference between male and female sex gametes.
Males = extremely small, highly mobile, infinite
Females = large, immobile finite
gives rise to two different mating strategies

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4
Q

inter-sexual selection

A

the female mating strategy.
because female gametes are rarer and finite they must be more selective when choosing a mate because they provide greater effort before during and after birth.
they look for quality over quantity

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5
Q

intra-sexual selection

A

the male mating strategy
the ‘winner’ gets to pass on his genes to another generation.
it also encourages aggression as competition between males in order to protect their mate from other males.

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6
Q

evaluation of sexual selection

A

Buss carried out a survey of over 10,000 adults and 33 countries, asking questions related to age and attributes that evolutionary theory predicts are important. females valued resources, males valued looks.
would you like to go to bed study. 75% of men said yes, 0 women said yes.
studies often ignore social and cultural differences Bereczkei argues that women no longer need to be ‘rescued’. Chung analysed partner preferences over 25 years and some had changed and others hadn’t

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7
Q

self disclosure

A

revealing personal information about yourself. romantic partners reveal more about their lives as the relationship develops. self disclosure can strengthen a relationship.

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8
Q

social penetration theory

A

Altman and Taylor relationships develop through a gradual process of revealing yourself. giving away your self, thoughts and feelings

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9
Q

reciprocity of self disclosure

A

mutual or two-way exchange of info which is crucial to success of self disclosure

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10
Q

breadth and depth of self disclosure

A

is important because moving from breadth conversation to deep conversation marks milestones in the relationship

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11
Q

evaluation of self disclosure

A

sprecher and hendrick - men and women who used reciprocal self disclosure were more satisfied with their relationship
RLA - hass and staford found SD of 57% in gay couples. can be used in couples therapy
cultural bias - US SD more than china

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12
Q

shackleford and Larsen - physical attractiveness

A

related to symmetry
neotenous faces
physical attractiveness is a sign of strong genes
important beyond formation - about 7 years

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13
Q

the halo effect

A

how one distinguishing feature, in this case attractiveness, can have a disproportionate effect on our judgement of other people.
Dion et al found attractive people are consistently rates as kind, strong, sociable and successful

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14
Q

matching hypothesis

A

while we would all desire the most physically attractive and genetically strong partner we cannot. so, we select partners who match our own perception of our looks

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15
Q

evaluation of physical attractiveness

A

RS for halo effect - Palmer and peterson - politics and competent
individual differences - High (did care) VS low (didn’t care) MACHO scale
mixed support for matching hypothesis - meta analysis of 17 studies showed varies in matching between real participants

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16
Q

filter theory

A

states that a series of different factors limits the range of available romantic partners

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17
Q

social demography

A

proximity, social class, education ETC

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18
Q

similarity in attitudes

A

sharing beliefs and values in the early stages of a relationship (18 months)

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19
Q

complementarity

A

do partners meet each others needs. they have characteristics that the other lacks. important long term

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20
Q

evaluation of filter theory

A

RS - winch similarity is needed early on but complementarity is needed long tern
lack of replication of original findings - social change and insufficient measurement into depth
direction of effect between similarity and attractiveness - emotional convergence
lacks temporal validity - changing attitudes to dating

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21
Q

social exchange theory

A

how relationships form and develop. partners act out of self interest, measuring cost and reward. it also considers alternative options.

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22
Q

the minimax principle

A

minimise losses and maximise gains

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23
Q

profit

A

cost minus rewards

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24
Q

opportunity cost

A

investment of time and energy

25
Q

outline the comparison level

A

our judgement of the reward level expected in a relationship.
developed by previous relationships and social norms as well as media and self esteem

26
Q

outline comparison level for alternatives

A

considering the prospect of better profit from elsewhere or other relationships.
Duck suggested that there are always alternatives but we do not always go looking if our relationship is satisfying

27
Q

outline the 4 stages of SET

A

1) sampling - exploring profit by evaluating current and potential relationships
2) bargaining - start of a relationship where rewards and cost is negotiated
3) commitment - relationship becomes stable. costs reduce/rewards increase
4) institutionalisation - partners become settled norms are established

28
Q

evaluation of SET

A

ignores equity theory
does not explain all types of relationships - communal relationships are different
direction of effect in regards to CL and CLalt. Miller = committed couples spent less time looking at photos of other people

29
Q

equity theory

A

economic theory of relationships which considers profit, rewards and cost but also the perception of fairness in relationships.

30
Q

how can a lack of equity occur

A

overbennefiting or underbenefitting

31
Q

consequences of under-benefitting

A

least satisfied, feelings are evident in anger and resentment

32
Q

consequences of over-benefitting

A

discomfort and shame

33
Q

equity VS equality

A

equity is about fairness in a relationship whereas equality is about having the same amount of profit. if you put a lot in and get a lot out then this is equity and if one partner can’t do chores but makes up elsewhere this is perceived as fair

34
Q

why should inequity be addressed

A

the larger the inequity of a relationship the more of a negative impact it has on both partners. the change can be both behavioural or cognitive (making inequity feel normal by revising perception of profits)

35
Q

evaluation of equity theory

A

RS - Utne et al surveyed 118 newly weds measuring equity with self report. couples with more equitable relationships considered themselves as more satisfied.
Equity lacks cultural universality - individualist cultures prefer equity
individual differences - Huseman et al - benevolents VS entitleds

36
Q

rusbult’s investment model

A

commitment depends on satisfaction, CLalt and investment size and this feeds into relationship stability

37
Q

investment (rusbult’s investment model)

A

resources within a relationship which partners would lose it they separated

38
Q

satisfaction (rusbult’s investment model)

A

extent to which partners feel rewards outweigh costs

39
Q

CLalt (rusbult’s investment model)

A

considering the prospect of better profit from elsewhere or other relationships.

40
Q

intrinsic investment

A

tangible and intangible items we put into the relationship

41
Q

extrinsic investment

A

anything new, like a house or pets, not previously shared in a relationship

42
Q

relationship maintenance mechanisms

A 
accommodation
sacrifice
forgiveness
positive illusions
derogation of alternatives
43
Q

evaluation of rusbults investment model

A

RS - Le and Agnew reviewed 52 studies with over 11,000 participants. they found satisfaction, investment and CLalt all predicted commitment. this was for both straight and gay relationships
explains why people may stay in abusive relationships due to large investment thus large commitment.
oversimplified investment - investment into future

44
Q

ducks phase model of relationship breakdown

A

stages people go through when their romantic relationship is not working. once one partner is dissatisfied, there ore four stages with a different focus

45
Q

intra-psychic phase

A

first stage

internal dissatisfaction. they begin to think on what they do not like, mostly partners shortcomings.

46
Q

dyadic phase

A

second stage

discussion wit partner begins. the conversations vary in hostility and anger.

47
Q

social phase

A

once a relationship is doomed to end, partners begin making social pacts. friends are encouraged to join a side.

48
Q

grave-dressing phase

A

partners create stories of how they publicly want the story to be known. necessary for partner to move on

49
Q

evaluation of ducks phase model

A

incomplete - Resurrection phase - using old relationship to prepare for new one
supporting evidence is based on retrospective data.
RLA in therapy using self disclosure before doomed to fail

50
Q

reduced cues theory (virtual relationships)

A

CMC relationships are ineffective because they lack everyday social cues such as smiling and physical appearance, leading to de-individuation

51
Q

the hyperpersonal model (virtual relationships)

A

Early SD in CMC means relationships develop quicker. such relationships become intense quickly, however, they also end quicker due to high excitement but low trust.

52
Q

why is SD different in CMC and the hyperpersonal model

A

SD can be manipulated online like it can’t FTF.

53
Q

outline the absence of gating in CMC

A

in CMC there is a lack of obstacles which may be present in FTF convo. for example a stammer may stop a IRL relationship from forming but online it is given a chance

54
Q

evaluation of virtual relationships

A

lack of research into reduced cues theory - emojis and acrostics are similar to social cues.
support for hyper-personal model - questions online tend to probing and intimate.
there is no discrimination between types of CMC

55
Q

parasocial relationship

A

one sided, often deluded relationship

56
Q

outline the three types of parasocial relationships

A

1) entertainment social - least intense. celebrities are just entertainment
2) intense - personal - becomes more personally involved and may have obsessive thoughts
3) borderline pathological - fantasies are uncontrollable and behaviour is extreme

57
Q

the absorption-addiction model

A

parasocial relationships make up for deficiencies in peoples lives and an escape from mundane lives.

58
Q

attachment theory and parasocial relationships

A

difficulties in attachment may lead to difficuties in forming successful relationships later
Resistant children are most likely to form parasocial relationships because they fear rejection.
Avoidant prefer to avoid relationships all together

59
Q

evaluation of parasocial relationships

A

RS for absorption-addiction - maltby link between self image and celeb worship. female adolescents and intense personal connection.
support for attachment theory is poor - insecure no more likely to form parasocial than secure
methodological problems with measuring parasocial relationships - self report - social desirability bias.

psychology (11 decks)

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