memory Flashcards

Question

episodic memory

Answer 1

long term memory store for personal events. includes when, who, objects, place and behaviours. conscious retrieval

Answer 2

long term memory store for knowledge of the world. facts and concepts and meaning of words. deliberate retrieval.

Answer 3

long term memory store for actions, skills and how we do things. no conscious retrieval: we just do it

Answer 4

clinical evidence - HM and Clive Wearing only had episodic damage nueroimaging evidence - brain scans show various types of memory in different parts of brain - test with participants showed episodic in right prefrontal cortex and semantic in left prefrontal cortex real life application - improving episodic memory in old people with minor cognitive impairment problems with clinical trials three or two types pf LTM?

Answer 5

Old memories interacting with new

Answer 6

New memories interacting with old

Answer 7

``` Participants were first given a list of words to remember and tested until they all had 100% accuracy on recall Then they were given a new set of words: Synonyms Antonyms Unrelated Nonsense syllables Three digit numbers No new list recall was worse for synonyms IE similar words ```

Answer 8

Evidence from lab studies supports interference as it the most tested and recognise explanation for forgetting the rugby player effect = real life application Artificial stimuli in lab studies IE list of words in lab studies time between learning and recall is too short Tulving and Psotka gave participants a list of 24 words organised into 6 categories - recall was 70% for first list and then fell as they were given more words. At the end participants were given a recall cue which pushed recall up to 70% again.

Answer 9

if a cue for retrieval is to be made the cue must be present at both learning and retrieval.

Answer 10

Divers asked to recall a list of words either underwater or on land Accurate recall was 40% lower in non matching conditions EG learn on land - recal underwater

Answer 11

Antihistamines were given to participants which had a mild sedative effect Participants were given a list of words and a passage of prose to recall In recall when there was a mismatch between internal state at encoding and at retrieval performance was worse on the memory test.

Answer 12

It has a range of supporting evidence from other psychologists. It has been said that retrieval failure is the most important reason for forgetting It is argued that context effects are not that strong. n a replication of the diver study recognition of a word was tested instead and there was no context dependant effect. ESP is not testable and leads to a form of circular reasoning. Baddeley suggested that context related cues are somewhat important. For example, when you remember something upstairs but forget it downstairs.

Answer 13

LOFTUS AND PALMER Participants were shown a video of two cars crashing Participants were then asked about how fast the cars were going when they either hit, smashed, collided, contacted or bumped When the verb contacted was used the mean speed estimate was 31.8 mph. For the verb smashed, the mean speed was 40.5 mph

Answer 14

GABBERT ET AL Gabbert studied pairs of participants who were both shown a video of a crime but being done from different angles/perspectives. After seeing the video, participants were asked to discuss what they saw It was found that 71% of participants incorrectly recalled information they did not see but did hear in discussion. In the control group 0% of participants gave wrong info. Gabbert et al concluded that participants conformed to either win social approval or they believed the other person was right. This was called memory conformity.

Answer 15

suggests the word has no real effect but just hints at how they decide to answer

Answer 16

suggests the wording actually changes participants memory of a film clip

Answer 17

Its application in the real world can be extremely useful, especially in improving the system for EWT. For both Loftus and Palmer and Gabbert et al the tasks are artificial which may decrease validity. Individual differences may affect EWT too. For example, older people have worse memory. It was found that age groups 18-25 and 35-45 were more accurate than 55-78 year olds. However, all ag groups were more accurate when discussing their own age groups. Much research into EWT is done in a lab study where demand characteristics are a big problem.

Answer 18

Johnson and scott conducted a study whereby participants overheard an argument and then saw a man walk out the same room holding either a pen (low anxiety) or a knife (high anxiety). 49% of participants in low anxiety were able to identify the man from 50 photos. Only 33% of participants could recall the mans face.

Answer 19

Yuille and Cutshall took witnesses to a real shooting and interviewed them 4-5 months after the event. The researchers interviews were then compared to police interviews taken at the time of the shooting. Anxiety of the time was also recorded on a 7 point scale. Accuracy of recall was very high with only minor details being recalled incorrectly or differently. Also, the participants who recorded higher levels of anxiety at the time gave more accurate details.

Answer 20

performance will increase with stress but only to a certain point and then performance starts to decrease

Answer 21

the chicken experiment Yuille and cutshalls field experiment lacks control Johnson and scott have ethical issues - psychological harm Inverted U is too simplistic as it does not take into account thoughts, feelings behaviour ETC in relation to anxiety. Demand characteristics in lab studies.

Answer 22

witnesses asked to report everything that they saw in an event even if it seems irrelevant

Answer 23

witnesses asked to recall things like weather, environment, thoughts and feelings

Answer 24

encouraged to recall even in a non chronological order

Answer 25

Encouraged to report from a different POV to disrupt expectation of events and disrupt the schema of what happened

Answer 26

Additional elements to CI - focus on social dynamics of interaction. EG when to use eye contact, asking open ended questions

Answer 27

Time consuming to do. For example, must develop rapport with witness. Special training also required Some elements more important than others in CI: report everything and context reinstatement There is support for ECI from combination of meta analysis of 50 studies. ECI gave more accurate information than standard police interview. CI creates an increase in inaccurate info. There was an 81% increase in accurate info but also 61% rise in inaccurate info.