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Relationships Flashcards

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0
Q

Byrne, Clore, Smeaton

A

Similarity!! Ppl first sort partners for dissimilarity, avoiding those too diff.

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1
Q

Byrne & Clore

A

Reward/need satisfaction theory- operant n classical conditioning. Interactions w/ppl who meet a need in us (e.g.), will be directly rewarding n lead to pos feelings towards them. Also like ppl assoc. w/a positive event in pleasant context= liking thru association

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2
Q

Kerckhoff

A

Married partners typically come from same social, Eco n religious groups n have similar levels of intelligence n ed backgrounds

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3
Q

Griffit & Guay

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Ppts evaluated on a creative taste by an experimenter!! BUT low ecological validity, lab studies- mundane realism

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4
Q

Hays

A

Over-emphasises importance of reward, rake pleasure from giving i.e. fam relationships

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5
Q

Rosenbaum

A

Dissimilarity > similarity important in determining whether a relationship will develop ‘dissimarity- repulsion hypothesis’

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6
Q

Loft

A

Cultural bias!! In many cultures women are more focused on the needs of others rather than receiving reinforcement

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7
Q

Aron et al

A

evolutionary explanation!! Brain reward system associated w/romantic love evolved to drive our ancestors to focus courtship energy on specific individuals, love at first sight mammalian response inherited to speed up mating process

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8
Q

Thibaut & Kelley

A

Social exchange theory- individuals attempt to maximise rewards n minimise costs = profitable relationship. Comparison level, if profit in new relationship exceeds CL worthwhile but negative result then dissatisfied

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9
Q

Walster et al

A

Equity theory!! Concerned about fairness, seek to ensure not under or over-rewarded. Person’s perceived ratio of inputs n outputs helps measure, otherwise will cause dissatisfaction n instability n partners will employ maintenance strategies to restore equity n stability

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10
Q

Messik & Cook

A

Will cause distress if ppl perceive unfairness in a relationship

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11
Q

Rusbult & Martz

A

Explains why women stay in abusive relationships- when investment high n alternatives low, makes situation profitable

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12
Q

Simpson et al

A

Ppl over-estimate pos features of present relationship n under-estimate benefits of alternatives which helps maintain self-esteem, support for CL

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13
Q

Davidson

A

More likely to stay together when relationship equitable

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14
Q

Berschied & Walster

A

Wives seek less for themselves than men, career importance

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15
Q

Gottman & Levenson

A

successful marriages ratio of pos:neg exchanges 5:1, unsuccessful 1:1 so goal should be to increase pos exchanges (real world app)

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16
Q

Jacobson et al

A

IBCT helps partners break neg patterns of behaviour that can cause ports thus making each other happier

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17
Q

Moghaddam

A

Cultural theories!! Economic theories only apply to western short-term relationships w/high mobility e.g. Students, makes more sense to be concerned w/give n take but in non-trad societies value security > personal profit

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18
Q

Duck

A

Model of relationship breakdown- process, e.g. Breakdown, social phase, resurrection process

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19
Q

Fisher

A

Evolutionary ‘4 year itch’- ppl predisposed to serial monogamy, mental module! Duration of pair-bonding linked to the conditioning of human infants, best strategy may be to seek new mating patent after infants weened ALSO support!! Looked at 60 cultures, west non west MEDC LEDC, discernible pattern of 4 year rise in divorce n breakdown

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20
Q

Tashiro & Fraizer

A

Undergrads support! Experience emo distress n personal growth, break up have them new insights into themselves n had clearer idea about future partners

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21
Q

Brehm & Kassin

A

Gender diff, women stress unhappiness n incompatibility n men ‘sexual withholding’

22
Q

Akert

A

Women gr8 desire to stay friends but men wanna cut losses

23
Q

China et al

A

Practical app!! Compared couples using CCET programme n control group. CCET group reported much higher marriage quality after training

24
Q

Darwin

A

Sexual selection- intra: members of one she’s compete w/each other for access to members of opposite sex, victors pass on genes. Inter: preference of one sex for members of opposite who possess certain qualities i.e. women want men w/Eco resources n traits passed onto offspring, selecting ‘good genes’

25
Q

Buss & Schmitt

A

Men have lower standards in short-term mating then show decreased attraction following sex

26
Q

Dunbar

A

US n UK ads, women sought resources n offered attractiveness whereas men the opposite

27
Q

Buss

A

Cross cultural study of 37 different cultures 10K

28
Q

Kendrick et al

A

Teenage makes most attracted to women 5 yrs older than them

29
Q

Clarke & Hatifield

A

Would u have sex w/me study-0% men said yes, 75% men

30
Q

Greling & Buss

A

Profit for women by leaving poor quality relationship (mate switching) or produce more genetically diverse offspring, theory emphasises benefits for men only bias

31
Q

Trivers

A

Parental investment theory- males n females investors but diff forms, females physically n makes thru controlling resources

32
Q

Daly & Wilson

A

Males spent a large part of reproductive effort on courtship n mating, makes can afford to devote rather lil in comparison to females to paternal care

33
Q

Miler

A

Males under pressure to protect themselves from cuckoldry so gr8r concern over fidelity of patners

34
Q

Barker & Bellis

A

14% of pop products of extramarital mating

35
Q

Anderson

A

Fathers n stepfathers don’t discriminate

36
Q

Geher et al

A

Men less prepared to confront issues assoc w/parenting

37
Q

Rowe

A

Evolutionary theory v limited cos paternal behaviour influenced by various personal n social conditions e.g. quality of relationship w/mum, characteristics of child etc.

38
Q

Belsky

A

Childhood experiences tend to correlate w/the degree to which men invest in the upbringing n care of their own children

39
Q

Freud

A

Psychodynamic! Early experience foundation for all relationships, children at 3 become attracted to same-sex parent (Oedipus n Electra) fears n hates same sex e.g. Lil Hans, fears castration but identifies w/dad n adopts his morals n values (gender n sexual ID) of same sex parent so superego emerges

40
Q

Bowlby

A

Attachments must be formed in critical period or experience relationship difficulties later in life- internal working model. Failure to form bond = adult incapable of forming affectionate bonds w/anyone n attachment disorder. Caring system learned by modelling behaviour of PCG also related to early attachment e.g. sex w/out love pleasurable

41
Q

Springer et al

A

Abuse in childhood assoc w/psych impairment in adult life

42
Q

Alpert et al

A

Abuse = develop damaged ability to trust ppl n sense of isolation from others

43
Q

Jedidka, Geher

A

Attracted to ppl similar to opposite sex parent

44
Q

Hazen & Shaver

A

Love quiz- attachment related to later attitudes in love, adults w/secure attachment more likely to have pos experiences n attitudes towards relationships

45
Q

Simpson et al

A

expression of emotions related back to earlier social development, secure infants higher social competence as chidren n those closer to friends at 16 more expressive n emo attached to partners in early adulthood BUT childhood doesn’t determine future relationships

46
Q

Berenson & Andersen

A

Women abused in childhood displayed neg reactions towards another person who reminded them of abusive parent, transference

47
Q

Levine et al

A

Investigated love as basis for marriage in 11 countries- US reluctant to marry in absence of love (14%) but diff in collectivist culture e.g. India (24%) n Thailand (34%), extended fam gr8r importance, love considered luxury

48
Q

Seepersad et al

A

Yp in West experience more loneliness cos high desire n US students more lonely than Koreans when not in romantic relationship

49
Q

Epstein

A

1/2 spouses in arranged marriages report they’ve fallen in love

50
Q

Myers et al

A

India, no differences in marital dissatisfaction were found when compared to non-arranged in US

51
Q

Xiaohe & Whyte

A

Women who married for love felt better about marriages

52
Q

Janowiak & Fischer

A

In non-West tribal societies found evidence of romantic love in 90% of 166 cultures studied

53
Q

Jonson & Holmes

A

Analysed top box office films n fans of certain films were more likely to have views of relationships that reflected the themes portrayed in the films e.g. films suggest love n commitment exist from the moment ppl meet but normally takes years to develop

Psychology (5 decks)

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