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Phobia Flashcards

0
Q

Eysenck

A

66% of patients w/1 anx disorder also diagnosed w/another anx disorder

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1
Q

Hiller et al

A

Reported satisfactory to excellent diagnostic agreement in a test-retest study using the MDC

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2
Q

Vasey & Dadds

A

Treatment success of anx disorders was unrelated to the original diagnosis of a specific phobia. Same treatments worked equally well so no benefit in making a specific diagnosis of 1 kind of anx disorder

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3
Q

Mattick & Clarke

A

Their Social Phobia Scale correlated well w/other standard measures (varying btwn +.54 n+.69)

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4
Q

Beidel et al

A

SPAI doesn’t correlate w/behaviours related to other anx disorders

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5
Q

Fyer et al

A

Probands had 3x as many relatives who also experienced phobias as normal controls

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6
Q

Solymon et al

A

45% of phobic patients had at least 1 relative w/the disorder compared to a rate of 17% for non-phobic controls

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7
Q

Ost

A

64% blood phobics had at least 1 relative w/the same disorder

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8
Q

Togersen

A

Compared MZ n same sex DZ twin pairs where 1 twin has an anx disorder w/panic attacks n such disorders were 5x more frequent in MZ twin pairs

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9
Q

Marks & Nesse

A

Modern day phobias are exaggeration of ancient fears

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10
Q

Seligman

A

Biological preparedness!!

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11
Q

Marks

A

When an infant sees a stranger, they first look at their mother to gauge here response. Fear in the mother is likely to produce a fearful reaction from the infant

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12
Q

Mineka et al

A

Rhesus monkeys rapidly develop a fear of snakes if they see another monkey showing fear towards a snake but same reaction doesn’t occur if another monkey shows fear towards a flower

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13
Q

Kagan

A

Identified an infant temperamental type ‘behavioural inhibition’- infants who tend to withdraw from unfamiliar ppl> had a genetic basis

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14
Q

Biederman et al

A

Support!! Behavioural inhibition to unfamiliar things/situations is genetically based b a risk factor for anx disorders

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15
Q

Tiihonen et al

A

Found significantly lower no. of dopamine up-take in patients w/social phobia compared to normal controls

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16
Q

Ohman & Soares

A

Support for prepotency effects!! Gr8r GSR response to ‘masked’ pics of feared animals

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17
Q

McNally

A

Evidence for enhanced resistance of extinction of fear responses to prepared stimuli but not for rapid inquisition

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18
Q

Merckelbach et al

A

Most clinical phobias in their sample rated as ‘non’ prepared, rather than prepared

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19
Q

Brown et al

A

Phobia more common among African American than white, even when socioeconomic factors controlled

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20
Q

Davey

A

Expectancy biases- explains certain anomalous data e.g. the lack of rapid acquisition of phobias n the acquisition of ‘modern’ phobias

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21
Q

de Silva et al

A

Clinical phobias don’t display the suddenness of onset n resistance to treatment predicted by preparedness

22
Q

Freud

A

Phobias are the conscious expression of repressed conflicts. Repressed anxieties may be displaced onto neutral objects/situations e.g. Lil Hans, but explained thru classical conditioning??

23
Q

Mowrer

A

Operant conditioning- 2 stage theory, avoidance of fear object reduces fear n is thus negatively reinforcing

24
Becker et al
Phobias arise cos ppl become afraid of situations where fears may occur
25
Gournay
Support for the claim that phobics have dysfunctional assumptions
26
Bowlby
Agoraphobics had early experiences of family conflict, which lead to separation anxiety (suppressed but then l8r emerged as agoraphobia)
27
Whiting et al
Phobias more common in societies that had a structured form of child-rearing> stricter parenting may have led to children having to repress desires
28
Sue et al
Ppl w/phobias often recall a specific incident when the phobia appeared. Different phobias result of diff processes e.g. most agoraphobics most likely to recall specific incident, arachnophobics most likely to cite modelling as cause
29
Ost
It's possible that phobics experienced a traumatic incident but forgot about it
30
Di Nardo et al
Not everyone that's bitten by a dog develops a phobia
31
Bergman
Failed to condition a fear response in infants bed 8-16 months by pairing a loud bell w/wooden blocks
32
Bandura & Rosenthal
Social learning support!! A model appaz experienced pain every time a buzzer sounded n l8r ppts who observed this showed an emo reaction to the buzzer, demonstrating an acquired fear response
33
Watson & Rayner
Lil Hans
34
Chou & Schneier
SSRIs currently the preferred drug for treating anx disorders
35
Lader & Petursson
MAOI olde class of antidepressants but some patients respond better to them than the newer ones
36
Kahn et al
BZs more highly effective than placebo treatment in reducing anx
37
Hidalgo et al
BZs more effective than antidepressants
38
Turner at al
No difference btwn BB n placebo group in terms I'd reduced heart rate, feelings of nervousness etc.
39
Aouizerate et al
SSRIs provide similar relief for social phobics 50-80% of cases! fairly similar to BZs
40
Ashton
Addiction prob w/BZs so should only be used for max 4 weeks
41
Ruck et al
Psychosurgery successful in treating range of disorders but there were a range of extremely adverse effects e.g. 7 patients tried to vomit suicide n some suffered epileptic fits
42
Szasz
Criticised psychosurgery cos generally a persons psychological self isn't physical, therefore illogical that it can be operated on
43
Stehberg et al
Blocked memory consolidation in rats using a deep form of brain stimulation n suggest this could lead to a novel treatment for the traumatic memories that underlie anx disorders
44
Wolpe
Developed systematic desensitisation in 50s where phobics were introduced to the feared stimulus gradually. Used animals which raises issues of whether this research can be generalised to humans
45
Ellis
REBT- ABC model
46
McGrath et al
75% of patients w/phobias respond to SD
47
Ohman et al
SD not as effective w/phobias that have underlying survival component
48
Klein et al
Relaxation not important, exposure alone is as effective
49
Capafons et sl
Used SD effectively in treatment of fear of flying
50
Emmelkamp et al
Found REBT less effective for agoraphobia than in vivo treatments
51
Alloy & Abrahmson
Found depressed ppl have more accurate estimates of the likelihood of disaster than 'normal' controls ('sadder but wiser' effect)
52
Kendler et al
Heritability rate 67% agoraphobia, 51% social phobia, 47% animal phobias

Psychology (5 decks)

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