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Psychology > Phobia > Flashcards

Phobia Flashcards

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0
Q

Eysenck

A

66% of patients w/1 anx disorder also diagnosed w/another anx disorder

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1
Q

Hiller et al

A

Reported satisfactory to excellent diagnostic agreement in a test-retest study using the MDC

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2
Q

Vasey & Dadds

A

Treatment success of anx disorders was unrelated to the original diagnosis of a specific phobia. Same treatments worked equally well so no benefit in making a specific diagnosis of 1 kind of anx disorder

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3
Q

Mattick & Clarke

A

Their Social Phobia Scale correlated well w/other standard measures (varying btwn +.54 n+.69)

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4
Q

Beidel et al

A

SPAI doesn’t correlate w/behaviours related to other anx disorders

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5
Q

Fyer et al

A

Probands had 3x as many relatives who also experienced phobias as normal controls

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6
Q

Solymon et al

A

45% of phobic patients had at least 1 relative w/the disorder compared to a rate of 17% for non-phobic controls

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7
Q

Ost

A

64% blood phobics had at least 1 relative w/the same disorder

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8
Q

Togersen

A

Compared MZ n same sex DZ twin pairs where 1 twin has an anx disorder w/panic attacks n such disorders were 5x more frequent in MZ twin pairs

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9
Q

Marks & Nesse

A

Modern day phobias are exaggeration of ancient fears

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10
Q

Seligman

A

Biological preparedness!!

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11
Q

Marks

A

When an infant sees a stranger, they first look at their mother to gauge here response. Fear in the mother is likely to produce a fearful reaction from the infant

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12
Q

Mineka et al

A

Rhesus monkeys rapidly develop a fear of snakes if they see another monkey showing fear towards a snake but same reaction doesn’t occur if another monkey shows fear towards a flower

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13
Q

Kagan

A

Identified an infant temperamental type ‘behavioural inhibition’- infants who tend to withdraw from unfamiliar ppl> had a genetic basis

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14
Q

Biederman et al

A

Support!! Behavioural inhibition to unfamiliar things/situations is genetically based b a risk factor for anx disorders

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15
Q

Tiihonen et al

A

Found significantly lower no. of dopamine up-take in patients w/social phobia compared to normal controls

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16
Q

Ohman & Soares

A

Support for prepotency effects!! Gr8r GSR response to ‘masked’ pics of feared animals

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17
Q

McNally

A

Evidence for enhanced resistance of extinction of fear responses to prepared stimuli but not for rapid inquisition

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18
Q

Merckelbach et al

A

Most clinical phobias in their sample rated as ‘non’ prepared, rather than prepared

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19
Q

Brown et al

A

Phobia more common among African American than white, even when socioeconomic factors controlled

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20
Q

Davey

A

Expectancy biases- explains certain anomalous data e.g. the lack of rapid acquisition of phobias n the acquisition of ‘modern’ phobias

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21
Q

de Silva et al

A

Clinical phobias don’t display the suddenness of onset n resistance to treatment predicted by preparedness

22
Q

Freud

A

Phobias are the conscious expression of repressed conflicts. Repressed anxieties may be displaced onto neutral objects/situations e.g. Lil Hans, but explained thru classical conditioning??

23
Q

Mowrer

A

Operant conditioning- 2 stage theory, avoidance of fear object reduces fear n is thus negatively reinforcing

24
Q

Becker et al

A

Phobias arise cos ppl become afraid of situations where fears may occur

25
Q

Gournay

A

Support for the claim that phobics have dysfunctional assumptions

26
Q

Bowlby

A

Agoraphobics had early experiences of family conflict, which lead to separation anxiety (suppressed but then l8r emerged as agoraphobia)

27
Q

Whiting et al

A

Phobias more common in societies that had a structured form of child-rearing> stricter parenting may have led to children having to repress desires

28
Q

Sue et al

A

Ppl w/phobias often recall a specific incident when the phobia appeared. Different phobias result of diff processes e.g. most agoraphobics most likely to recall specific incident, arachnophobics most likely to cite modelling as cause

29
Q

Ost

A

It’s possible that phobics experienced a traumatic incident but forgot about it

30
Q

Di Nardo et al

A

Not everyone that’s bitten by a dog develops a phobia

31
Q

Bergman

A

Failed to condition a fear response in infants bed 8-16 months by pairing a loud bell w/wooden blocks

32
Q

Bandura & Rosenthal

A

Social learning support!! A model appaz experienced pain every time a buzzer sounded n l8r ppts who observed this showed an emo reaction to the buzzer, demonstrating an acquired fear response

33
Q

Watson & Rayner

A

Lil Hans

34
Q

Chou & Schneier

A

SSRIs currently the preferred drug for treating anx disorders

35
Q

Lader & Petursson

A

MAOI olde class of antidepressants but some patients respond better to them than the newer ones

36
Q

Kahn et al

A

BZs more highly effective than placebo treatment in reducing anx

37
Q

Hidalgo et al

A

BZs more effective than antidepressants

38
Q

Turner at al

A

No difference btwn BB n placebo group in terms I’d reduced heart rate, feelings of nervousness etc.

39
Q

Aouizerate et al

A

SSRIs provide similar relief for social phobics 50-80% of cases! fairly similar to BZs

40
Q

Ashton

A

Addiction prob w/BZs so should only be used for max 4 weeks

41
Q

Ruck et al

A

Psychosurgery successful in treating range of disorders but there were a range of extremely adverse effects e.g. 7 patients tried to vomit suicide n some suffered epileptic fits

42
Q

Szasz

A

Criticised psychosurgery cos generally a persons psychological self isn’t physical, therefore illogical that it can be operated on

43
Q

Stehberg et al

A

Blocked memory consolidation in rats using a deep form of brain stimulation n suggest this could lead to a novel treatment for the traumatic memories that underlie anx disorders

44
Q

Wolpe

A

Developed systematic desensitisation in 50s where phobics were introduced to the feared stimulus gradually. Used animals which raises issues of whether this research can be generalised to humans

45
Q

Ellis

A

REBT- ABC model

46
Q

McGrath et al

A

75% of patients w/phobias respond to SD

47
Q

Ohman et al

A

SD not as effective w/phobias that have underlying survival component

48
Q

Klein et al

A

Relaxation not important, exposure alone is as effective

49
Q

Capafons et sl

A

Used SD effectively in treatment of fear of flying

50
Q

Emmelkamp et al

A

Found REBT less effective for agoraphobia than in vivo treatments

51
Q

Alloy & Abrahmson

A

Found depressed ppl have more accurate estimates of the likelihood of disaster than ‘normal’ controls (‘sadder but wiser’ effect)

52
Q

Kendler et al

A

Heritability rate 67% agoraphobia, 51% social phobia, 47% animal phobias

Psychology (5 decks)

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