Gender Flashcards
Dr Money
Argued against bio approach! David Reimer study, a young child can be socialised as either a boy or girl, bio sex unimportant but David went against predictions, uncomfortable as girl n changed back at 1st given opp
Imperato-McGinley et al
Batista Fam- born w/external female genitalia but genetically XY n raised as girls but testosterone in puberty caused their make genitalia to appear, seemed to accept change of sex w/out difficulty
Hoag
M&F brains differ, women better at social skills i.e. empathising, more talkative, less good at spatial navigation etc.
Geshwind & Galaburda
Sex differences caused by diff levels of testosterone on brain
Reiner & Gearhart
Studied 16 genetic makes born w/no penis, XY brains masculinised cos most raised as females but reverted back at 16
Baron-Cohen
E-S theory, universal n result of selection pressure. Research support!! Developed questionnaire which showed 17% males had empathising rain n same for women w/systemising brain. Implications!! Autism extreme male brain?? Excels at systemising lacks ability to empathise ‘theory of mind’
Taylor et al
Tend n befriend!! Men deal w/threats in EEA but women protect offspring cos PCG
Ennis et al
male-female diff in stress response, tested cortisol around exam rims n increased in male but decreased in female
Dunbar
44% males sought attractive partner, 22% women while 50% women offered attractiveness
Gangestad et al
2 facts in relation to gender: 1) significant universals of gendered behaviour 2) significant cultural variations in gender differences
Money & Ehrhardt
Bio social theory- once child born, labelling n differential treatment of boys n girls interact w/bio factors to steer development. Integrates nature n nurture. Period of flexibility until 2 when gender fluid n open to change, bio male mislabeled as girl would adapt, label most important factor in gender development.
Eagly & Woods
Social role theory- selective pressures only cause physical differences not psych. Lead to role allocations n psych differences e.g. cos women bare children responsible for raising them n men have gr8r upper-body strength for hunting. Societies where strength not needed for occupational roles, psych diff reduced. Re-examined Buss- women earn less n less power n dominance, younger women more on ident. GEM showed when women higher status, inequality division less.
Luxen
Evo theory explains sex differences cos physical differences act on behaviour to create psych differences n even young children n animals display sex differences in toy preferences
Coates et al
Boy developed GID defensive reaction to mother having an abortion when he was 3, trauma led to cross-gender fantasy to resolve anxiety (GID linked to childhood trauma)
Stoller
GID results from distorted parental attitudes, those w/GID displayed overly close mother-son relationships, lead to gr8r female identification n confused gender ID
Ivesy & Person
Transexual anxiety only ends once castrated, failed to fuse w/mother so wants to be her
Freud
GID result of fear of castration
Hare et al
‘Trans gene’- studied DNA of 112 MtF trans, more likely to have longer version of androgen receptor = reduced testosterone
Cole et al
No gr8r psychiatric conditions assoc w/GID so unrelated to trauma/ pathological fam
Zucker et al
64% boys w/GID also had separation anxiety disorder compared to 38% whose symptoms were subclinical, only explains MtF
Zhou et al
No. of neurons in BSTc of MtF transsexuals was similar to that of females
Chung et al
Differences in BSTc doesn’t develop until childhood, but most feelings of GID appear in early childhood
Dessens et al
Genetic females w/CAH raised as females n 95% content, remaining 5% had dysphoria but generally no clear relationship btwn hormones n dysphoria
Blanchard
Different types of dysphoria: MtF ‘homosexual’ n ‘non-homo’. Groups too different, not same etiology, so number of different explanations possible
