Gender

Question 0

Dr Money

Answer 0

Argued against bio approach! David Reimer study, a young child can be socialised as either a boy or girl, bio sex unimportant but David went against predictions, uncomfortable as girl n changed back at 1st given opp

Question 1

Imperato-McGinley et al

Answer 1

Batista Fam- born w/external female genitalia but genetically XY n raised as girls but testosterone in puberty caused their make genitalia to appear, seemed to accept change of sex w/out difficulty

Question 2

Hoag

Answer 2

M&F brains differ, women better at social skills i.e. empathising, more talkative, less good at spatial navigation etc.

Question 3

Geshwind & Galaburda

Answer 3

Sex differences caused by diff levels of testosterone on brain

Question 4

Reiner & Gearhart

Answer 4

Studied 16 genetic makes born w/no penis, XY brains masculinised cos most raised as females but reverted back at 16

Question 5

Baron-Cohen

Answer 5

E-S theory, universal n result of selection pressure. Research support!! Developed questionnaire which showed 17% males had empathising rain n same for women w/systemising brain. Implications!! Autism extreme male brain?? Excels at systemising lacks ability to empathise ‘theory of mind’

Question 6

Taylor et al

Answer 6

Tend n befriend!! Men deal w/threats in EEA but women protect offspring cos PCG

Question 7

Ennis et al

Answer 7

male-female diff in stress response, tested cortisol around exam rims n increased in male but decreased in female

Question 8

Dunbar

Answer 8

44% males sought attractive partner, 22% women while 50% women offered attractiveness

Question 9

Gangestad et al

Answer 9

2 facts in relation to gender: 1) significant universals of gendered behaviour 2) significant cultural variations in gender differences

Question 10

Money & Ehrhardt

Answer 10

Bio social theory- once child born, labelling n differential treatment of boys n girls interact w/bio factors to steer development. Integrates nature n nurture. Period of flexibility until 2 when gender fluid n open to change, bio male mislabeled as girl would adapt, label most important factor in gender development.

Question 11

Eagly & Woods

Answer 11

Social role theory- selective pressures only cause physical differences not psych. Lead to role allocations n psych differences e.g. cos women bare children responsible for raising them n men have gr8r upper-body strength for hunting. Societies where strength not needed for occupational roles, psych diff reduced. Re-examined Buss- women earn less n less power n dominance, younger women more on ident. GEM showed when women higher status, inequality division less.

Question 12

Luxen

Answer 12

Evo theory explains sex differences cos physical differences act on behaviour to create psych differences n even young children n animals display sex differences in toy preferences

Question 13

Coates et al

Answer 13

Boy developed GID defensive reaction to mother having an abortion when he was 3, trauma led to cross-gender fantasy to resolve anxiety (GID linked to childhood trauma)

Question 14

Stoller

Answer 14

GID results from distorted parental attitudes, those w/GID displayed overly close mother-son relationships, lead to gr8r female identification n confused gender ID

Question 15

Ivesy & Person

Answer 15

Transexual anxiety only ends once castrated, failed to fuse w/mother so wants to be her

Question 16

Freud

Answer 16

GID result of fear of castration

Question 17

Hare et al

Answer 17

‘Trans gene’- studied DNA of 112 MtF trans, more likely to have longer version of androgen receptor = reduced testosterone

Question 18

Cole et al

Answer 18

No gr8r psychiatric conditions assoc w/GID so unrelated to trauma/ pathological fam

Question 19

Zucker et al

Answer 19

64% boys w/GID also had separation anxiety disorder compared to 38% whose symptoms were subclinical, only explains MtF

Question 20

Zhou et al

Answer 20

No. of neurons in BSTc of MtF transsexuals was similar to that of females

Question 21

Chung et al

Answer 21

Differences in BSTc doesn’t develop until childhood, but most feelings of GID appear in early childhood

Question 22

Dessens et al

Answer 22

Genetic females w/CAH raised as females n 95% content, remaining 5% had dysphoria but generally no clear relationship btwn hormones n dysphoria

Question 23

Blanchard

Answer 23

Different types of dysphoria: MtF ‘homosexual’ n ‘non-homo’. Groups too different, not same etiology, so number of different explanations possible

Question 24

Colapinto

Answer 24

Real world app- 1/2000 born w/anomalous genitals n may be given wrong gender assignation

Question 25

Piaget

Answer 25

The way we think changes as we get older, the brain gets more capable of complex thinking so gender-related thinking reflects age, development occurs in stages ‘stage theory’

Question 26

Kolherg

Answer 26

Cognitive developmental theory- constansy!! Labelling 3, recognise themselves as boy/girl > stability 4, realise gender consistent over time but based on superficial indicators > constancy 6 now learn gender appropriate behaviour

Question 27

Thompson

Answer 27

2yrs, 76% correct in identifying sex, 3yrs 90% correct shows increasing ability

Question 28

Slaby & Frey

Answer 28

Also support!! children weren’t able to answer q’s like ‘we’re u a lil boy/girl when u were a baby until they were 4

Question 29

Huston

Answer 29

Easy to get girls to adopt masculine roles cos more power, boys nah cos more likely to be disciplined

Question 30

Ben

Answer 30

Genital knowledge > constancy, only measuring social cues of gender, 40% 3-5 yrs capable of conserving gender n our of those who couldn’t 77% failed genital knowledge test

Question 31

Martin & Halverson

Answer 31

Gender Schema theory- children gain gender ID 2-3, at this age gender schema v simple consisting of 2 groups ‘boys’ n ‘girls’, their own group ‘in-group’ n opposite sex ‘out-group’ which is viewed negatively. Actively seek out info about appropers behaviour n actions of in-group n ignore any info inconsistent w/in group info> schema also affects l8r behaviour, espesh in terms of memory n attention

Question 32

Martin & Little

Answer 32

Children 4 no signs of gender stability but displayed strong gender stereotypes about what boys n girls permitted to do

Question 33

Fagot

Answer 33

2yrs correctly label their gender but no constancy spend 80% of time w/same-sex

Question 34

Bandura & Bussey

Answer 34

Evidence children show typed preferences b4 gender identity which challenges GST

Question 35

Stangor & Ruble

Answer 35

Compromise!! Schema n Constancy represent diff process. S- concerned w/org of info but C- concerned w/motive n assoc. w/activity choice. Found memory for gender consistent pics increased w/age (supports GST) n preference for same-sex toys increased w/gender constancy

Question 36

Freud

Answer 36

Some similarities w/GST, critical age closer n identification w/in-group (same-sex parent) important for taking on gender attitudes

Question 37

Munroe et al

Answer 37

Cross cultural support!! Sequence of development of gender concept identical in all cultures including Kenya, Nepal, Samoa etc.