Relations with the Byzantines, Latin West, the Muslim Near East and indigenous peoples 1099-1149 Flashcards
How did Bohemond’s creation of the principality of Antioch create tension with the Byzantines?
Bohemond’s creation of the principality of Antioch created tension with the Byzantines as the crusade leaders had agreed to support his claim to Antioch despite their oaths to Alexius Comnenus.
Why did the capture of Latakia create tension between the Byzantium and Antioch?
The capture of Latakia created tension between Antioch and Byzantium as the port was previously held by the Byzantines. So, when Tancred captured the port in 1103 it did make the principality more secure but also created tension.
What was Bohemond able to persuade Pope Paschal II to do at the Council of Poitiers in 1106?
At the Council of Poitiers (1106) Bohemond persuaded Pope Paschal II to support a new crusade, which aimed to remove heresy in the Greek church as well as help the crusader states. The crusade attacked the city of Durazzo in 1107 but was defeated by a Byzantine and Turkish coalition army led by Alexius Comnenus.
What did the treaty of Devol of 1108 agree to?
The treaty of Devol of 1108 forced Bohemond to return territories captured in Anatolia to Byzantium. Antioch became a vassal state of Byzantium.
How did Manuel Comnenus become involved in the affairs of Outremer after the marriage of Reynald of Chatillon to Constance of Antioch in 1153.
Manuel Comnenus became involved in Outremer after the marriage of Constance of Antioch to Reynald of Chatillon in 1153 and Reynald attacked allied himself with prince Thoros of Vahka in an attack on Cyprus, which belonged to Byzantium, in 1156. Manuel Comnenus responded in 1158 by marching against Raymond supported by Baldwin III. The situation was resolved in 1159 when Reynald submitted to Manuel.
How did Manuel secure his position in Outremer?
- In 1158 Manuel arranged an alliance with Baldwin III through the marriage of his niece Theodora. Manuel agreed to support Baldwin against Nur al-Din
- In 1159 Manuel makes a truce with Nur al-Din who was impressed by Manuel’s military campaign. As long as Antioch was under imperial protection there were few Muslim attacks.
- In 1160 Manuel marries Maria, daughter of Constance of Antioch.
How much control did the Venetians gain after the capture of Tyre?
The Venetians were given control of one-third of Tyre after its capture.
What are the two arguments about the significance of the Italians in the Outremer?
The significance of the Italian is split between those who regard their independence as being outweighed by their stimulation of economic activity. The other view regards the Italians as an independent political force who intervened in the internal politics of the Latin East causing destabilisation.
When did Baldwin I capture the port of Acre and who helped?
In May 1104 he captured Acre with the help of the Genoese fleet in return for a third of the booty
What was the consequence of the battle of Harran, 1104?
Baldwin le Bourg was captured at the battle of Harran (1104) meaning Edessa was ruled by Tancred then Roger of Salerno as regents, until Baldwin was ransomed in 1107. There was also the loss of a significant number of knights.
What factor primarily explains Baldwin I’s successes? Give an example of this factor.
Baldwin I’s success was mainly due to the splits between the Muslim states. For example, Toghtekin of Damascus, frightened of a threat from the sultan, was prepared to ally with Franks against his atabeg. At the battle of Danith (1115), several Muslim princes allied with the Franks fearing their power would diminish if the Sultan was successful in invading Outremer. The battle resulted in Bursuq ibn Bursuq (an emir for the Sultan) being defeated. Although Toghtekin changed sides in 1116 the threat of a Muslim coalition was removed during Baldwin I’s reign.
When did Emperor John Comnenus first march on Byzantium?
In 1137, Emperor John Comnenus first marched on Antioch
What was agreed between John Comnenus and the Crusaders over attacks on Muslim cities?
It was agreed, between John Comnenus and the Crusaders, that if Latin forces should take Aleppo and Shaizar (which were Muslim held) then the Latins should hand over Antioch to the Byzantines. A siege was launced on Shaizar in 1138 which was unsuccessful.
