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Physio II > Regulation of Temperature > Flashcards

Regulation of Temperature Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered normal body temp? (although it varies slightly across body systems)?

A

36-38 deg C

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2
Q

What temp is under precise regulation and can be measured oral, axillary, rectal, eardrum or temporal?

A

Core body temp

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3
Q

When will core body temp vary? (typically by about 1-2 deg) (5)

A

Ovarian cycle, environmental extremes, physical activity, age, fever

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4
Q

What must be made in order to maintain thermal balance?

A

Compensatory adjustments in thermal flux

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5
Q

Is heat low grade or high grade energy and how does it move?

A

Low-grade energy, moves down thermal gradient

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6
Q

What type of heat is electromagnetic radiation that moves through a medium/ space?

A

Radiation

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7
Q

About how much heat is lost from the body via infrared photons (radiative emission)?

A

50% of heat

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8
Q

What type of heat loss from the core to the skin is passive?

A

Conduction

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9
Q

What type of heat loss from the core to the skin is active?

A

Convection

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10
Q

What type of heat loss is the transfer of thermal energy through solid matter/ stationary objects?

A

Conduction

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11
Q

Which type of heat loss plays only a minor role in human heat transfer?

A

Conduction

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12
Q

What type of heat is defined as losing heat through air/ water molecules across skin?

A

Convection (magnitude of heat loss adjusted through BF to skin, varies)

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13
Q

During exercise when humidity is high, which mechanism of heat loss will unload most of the generated heat?

A

Convection

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14
Q

During exercise when humidity is low, which mechanism of heat loss will unload most of the generated heat?

A

Evaporation

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15
Q

What type of heat loss is defined as water vaporizing from respiratory passages/ surface of skin via sweating?

A

Evaporation

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16
Q

580 calories will evaporate how much water?

A

1 gram

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17
Q

Under what conditions will evaporation increase and decrease?

A

Decrease with dehydration Increase with humidity

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18
Q

Which glands are responsible for the release of a clear, odorless, salty excretion and where are they found?

A

Eccrine glands, found on entire body

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19
Q

Which glands are responsible for the release of thick, odorous secretions and where are they found?

A

Apocrine glands, found in axial and genital areas

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20
Q

What part of the NS innervates eccrine glands?

A

SNS, use ACh

21
Q

Heat loss from core to environment occurs via a combination of which heat loss mechanisms?

A

Evaporation, radiation, and convection

22
Q

What allows the body to anticipate changes before core temp is affected?

A

Peripheral receptors in skin (send info to hypothalamus)

23
Q

Warmth receptors in the skin are activated at what temps?

A

44-46 deg C

24
Q

Cold receptors in the skin are activated at what temps?

A

24-28 deg C

25
Q

Measurement of core body temp by central (intrinsic) thermoreceptors in the hypothalamic POA and abdominal organs are what type of control?

A

Neural control

26
Q

What is the role of the POA in neural temp control?

A

Integrates thermal info (sensitive to 0.01 deg C changes)

27
Q

What brain structure responds to high blood temps in neural control of temperature?

A

Anterior hypothalamus (controlled by PNS)

28
Q

What brain structure responds to cold blood temps in neural control of temperature?

A

Posterior hypothalamus (controlled by SNS)

29
Q

Your posterior hypothalamus (controlled by SNS) responds to cold blood temps and contributes to both heat production and heat conservation. What are the methods of heat production? (4)

A

Shivering (primary mech), increased muscle tone, increased voluntary actions, non-shivering thermogenesis (brown fat in infants)

30
Q

Your posterior hypothalamus (controlled by SNS) responds to cold blood temps and contributes to both heat production and heat conservation. What are the methods of heat conservation? (2)

A

Postural changes (dec SA), vasoconstriction

31
Q

Neural control over temperature exerts its effects on 4 primary mechanisms. What are they?

A
  1. Shiver command
  2. Vasomotor command
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Postural changes
32
Q

CV control and temp control direct vasodilation of the same arterioles, but which takes precedence?

A

Temperature control (when it’s hot, BP drops)

33
Q

The range of environmental temps in which your body can adjust to with only minimal changes in metabolic rate is called what?

A

Thermoneutral zone

(minimal changes defined as changes before shivering/ sweating occur)

34
Q

What is the effect of thyroid hormone disorders on temperature sensitivity?

A

Increase temperature sensitivity

35
Q

The following 3 mechanisms described what mechanism for body temperature control?

Stimulation of NaKATPase

Increased O2 consumption

Increased BMR

A

Thyroid hormone control

36
Q

Effects of thyroid hormone on metabolic action (temp control) are attributed to what specific hormone?

A

T3

(BAT w/ ↑ type-2 deiodinase to ↑T3 signaling)

37
Q

Hyperthyroidism causes pts to feel too hot or too cold?

A

Feel too hot

38
Q

Hypothyroidism causes pts to feel too hot or too cold?

A

Feel too cold

39
Q

What affect suggests an active role of thyroid hormone in temperature regulation?

A

TH increases vasodilation

40
Q

What type of signals in the POA lead to increases in body temp via temperature sensitive neurons (SNS)?

A

Leptin signals

41
Q

Leptin contributes to stimulation of beta-receptors in brown fat, activating decoupling enzyme, ultimately contributing to increased body temp. Synergistic action of what other hormone is required in order for this to happen?

A

Thyroid hormone

42
Q

What is the effect of excessive catecholamines on body temp?

A

Increase body temp via stimulation of alpha-1 receptors (cause vasoconstriction)

43
Q

What heat loss mechanisms offset core heat production during exercise/ training?

A

Convection and evaporation

44
Q

What 2 things with respect to temp regulation are greater in trained individuals?

A

Sweat rate and skin blood perfusion

45
Q

How long does it take for heat acclimation to occur?

A

A few days

46
Q

↓ HR, ↓ threshold for cutaneous vasodilation, ↑ control of Tcore, ↑ plasma volume, ↑ sweat production are indicative of what occurring?

A

Heat acclimation

47
Q

What is the primary pathway that leads to a fever? (7)

A
  1. Infection
  2. Macrophages
  3. Endogenous pyrogens
  4. Prostalandins
  5. Increase hypothalamic set pt
  6. “Cold response”
  7. Increased body temp
48
Q

How does aspirin treat fevers?

A

Prevents prostaglandin synthesis via decreased COX

Physio II (14 decks)

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