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Physio II > Regulation of Growth > Flashcards

Regulation of Growth Flashcards

1
Q

During what periods of life do your 2 growth spurts occur?

A

Postnatal

Pubertal

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2
Q

GH/IGF-1, TH and steroids regulate what general changes in the body?

A

Growth and maturation

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3
Q

Thyroid deficiency leads to abnormal what in cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)?

A

Abnormal growth and development

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4
Q

During what growth spurt does GH peak?

A

Puberty

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5
Q

What is the relationship between GH and IGF-1 at puberty?

A

Parallel each other

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6
Q

Decreased/constant levels in adulthood maintain what?

A

Lean body mass

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7
Q

Will GH levels remain constant, increase or decrease during senescence?

A

Remain constant

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8
Q

GH release increases in what 3 scenarios leading to pulsatile release?

A

↑ after exercise
With food restriction
During sleep

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9
Q

What hormone is responsible for GH release?

A

GHRH

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10
Q

What hormone is responsible for inhibiting GH?

A

GHIH (somatostatin)

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11
Q

Gs targets what in the following pathway?

Gs → X → PKA → CREB signaling → PIT1 → GH/GH receptor regulation→ growth and development

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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12
Q

What pairing of hormones will promotes long bone growth until closing of the epiphyseal plate?

A

GH & IGF-1

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13
Q

What class of hormones will signal to close the epiphyseal plate at the end of puberty?

A

Sex steroids

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14
Q

Is the following a direct or indirect pathway of growth?

Stimulation of liver → IGF-1 (somatomedin) → ↑ protein synthesis, cell division, & bone growth

A

Indirect

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15
Q

Why is IGF-1 a better measurement of GH release vs measuring GH levels?

A

IGF-1 w/ longer half life

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16
Q

Is the following a direct or indirect pathway of growth?

binding to receptors in tissue → intermediary fuel metabolism/ metabolic actions (unrelated to growth) → ↑ fat breakdown and glucose output by liver & ↓ glucose uptake by muscles

A

Direct

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17
Q

↑ GH & IGF-1 will have what effect on? GHRH

A

↑ GH & IGF-1 → negative feedback on GHRH (↑ GHIH)

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18
Q

Is GH release constant or situation dependent?

A

Situation dependent

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19
Q

↑ dietary protein leads to what effect on GH, IGF, and insulin?
What impact does this have on growth and caloric storage?

A

↑ GH/ IGF/ insulin

↑ protein anabolism/ growth

Little to NO change in caloric storage

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20
Q

↑ dietary carbs (hyperglycemia) leads to what effect on GH, IGF, and insulin?

What impact does this have on growth and caloric storage?

A

↓ GH
no change in IGF
↑ insulin

NO change in protein synthesis or growth

↑ caloric/ CHO storage

21
Q

In a caloric deficiency you have high GH, but no growth. Why is this?

A

↓ ICGF-1 → ↓ protein anabolism, growth

22
Q

What is X?

↑ GH & cortisol → ↑X → ↓ IGF-1 bioavailability to tissues → diverts GH → no growth (instead caloric mobilization)

A

IGF-BP3

23
Q

Does hyperglycemia result in increased or decreased GH?

A

Decreased

24
Q

Hypoglycemia → ↑ GH, ↓ insulin leads to what three caloric mobilization processes?

A
  1. ↑ lipolysis
  2. ↑gluconeogenesis
  3. ↓ peripheral glucose uptake
25
Q

Low or high levels of cortisol have what effect on GH?

A

decreased GH secretion

26
Q

What impact will a normal/ median range of cortisol production have on GH?

A

Steady GH secretion

27
Q

T and GH in the liver enhance the secretion of what hormone?

A

IGF-1

28
Q

Does T or E have more growth effects?

A

T

29
Q

Will E (in the liver) increased or reduce IGF-1 secretions?

A

Reduce

30
Q

IN the absence of TH, will GH be able to produce growth?

A

No

31
Q

T or F: TH has an indirect effect on GH?

A

Indirect

32
Q

The following are the effects of what hormone?

  1. ↑ metabolic needs prior to tissue accumulation
  2. Facilitates linear growth of bone
  3. Tooth development & eruption
  4. Growth/maturation of epidermis, hair follicles, nails, alteres subQ tissues
  5. Prolactin secretion and mammary gland development
A

Thyroid hormone

33
Q

What hormones increases cartilage chondrocyte activity in the growth plate and accelerates bone turnover

A

Thyroid hormone

34
Q

Thyroid receptors in the the osteoblasts stimulate bone remodeling via what

A

GF’s IL6/ PGE2 and IGF1 receptor

35
Q

Does exercise increase glucose uptake in the cells with or without insulin present?

A

Without

36
Q

insulin and diet facilitate muscle protein synthesis via what signaling pathway?

A

MTORC-1

37
Q

What inhibits MTORC-1? (3)

A

Myostatin
Glucocorticoids
Cytokines

38
Q

A deficiency in myostatin will lead to what with regard to the muscles?

A

Hypertrophy

39
Q

Will increased protein intake w’o conditioning/training lead to muscle synthesis?

A

Yes

40
Q

↑ linear growth due to excessive stimulation of GH at epiphyseal plate will lead to what disease?

A

Gigantism

41
Q

Chronic excess GH in the absence of linear bone growth is what disease?

A

Acromegaly

42
Q

Bone/ST deformities, enlarged hands and feet, thick skin, ↑ protein, ↓ body fat, vision changes, HA, hyperglycemia/DM are sx of what disease?

A

Acromegaly

43
Q

What imaging study will be used to dx a somatotrop adenoma resulting in acromegaly

A

Pituitary MRI

44
Q

↑ IGF-1, OGTT > 1 ng/mL is dx for what disease?

A

Acromegaly

45
Q

A GH deficiency will lead to what disease?

A

Dwarfism

46
Q

If pt becomes GH deficient in adulthood what are the effects?

A

Asx
OR
↓ skeletal muscle mass/ bone density, ↑ HF risk, old age sxs

47
Q

Lack of GHRH, pituitary insufficiency, tissues unresponsive to GH, IGF-1 deficit, failure to produce IGF-BP3 will lead to GH excess or Gh deficiency?

A

GH deficiency

48
Q

With Laron dwarfism what receptor is deficient?

A

GH receptor

49
Q

The Pygmies of Cameroon have a deficit of what hormone?

A

IGF-1 deficit

Physio II (14 decks)

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