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Physio II > Fat > Flashcards

Fat Flashcards

1
Q

What are the products of fat oxidation?

A

CO2 + H2O + ATP

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2
Q

What type of fat is responsible for heat generation?

A

brown fat

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3
Q

BMI calculation?

A

BMI = weight (lbs) x 703 / height (inches)

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4
Q

T or F: BMI increases w/ age?

A

TRUE

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5
Q

BMI > 30 is considered?

A

Obese

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6
Q

BMI 25-29.5 is considered?

A

Overweight

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7
Q

BMI 18.5-24.9 is considered

A

healthy lean

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8
Q

BMI < 18.5 is considered?

A

Underweight

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9
Q

Dyslipidemia/hypderlipidemia can lead to what BMI classification?

A

Obese

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of adipocytes?

A

White, brown, beige

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11
Q

What are the 2 fat depots?

A

WAT BAT

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12
Q

BAT is greatest in what age range?

A

Infancy Decreases w/ age

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13
Q

Cold temperatures stimulate TSH to release T3/4 or epinephrine to produce heat?

A

Cold → TSH → T4/3 → UCP1 (uncoupling protein-1) → mitochondria → + FA = heat production

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14
Q

How does stress lead to heat production?

A

Stress → Epinephrine → G-protein 2nd msgr → TG breakdown to FA → mitochondria → + UCP1 = heat production

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15
Q

Does TSH & T3/T4 or Epinephrine allow for the direct transfer of food energy into heat energy?

A

TSH & T3/T4

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16
Q

T3, Epi, cold, hepativ bile acids, ANP, BNP and irisin (skeletal muscle hormone) stimulates what adipocyte?

A

Beige

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17
Q

What hormone promotes fuel storage and stimulates antilipolytics effect? ↑ LPL → converts TG to FA ↑ GLUT 4 → ↑ glucose uptake in adipocytes Inhibits hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

A

Insulin

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18
Q

What hormones stimulate the lipolytic effect? (4)

A
  1. Epi (via HSL and adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL)) 2. Cortisol 3. Glucagon 4. GH
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19
Q

What hormone does not regulate fuel metabolites due to slow onset to adjust blood levels of nutrients?

A

Thyroid hormone

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20
Q

Does the subQ depot or visceral depot provide FA for energey during exercise?

A

subQ depot

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21
Q

Do women have higher subQ depots or visceral depots?

A

subQ due to higher whole body insulin sensitivity (gynecoid adiposity)

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22
Q

Do women have higher or lower whole body sensitivity to insulin?

A

Higher (gynecoid adiposity)

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23
Q

Do men have higher subQ depots or visceral depots?

A

Visceral (omental and mesenteric)

24
Q

In the visceral depot, blood drain via what to clear FA by the liver?

A

Hepatic portal

25
Q

Do men have higher or lower sensitivity anti-lipolytic effects of insulin?

A

Lower (android adiposity)

26
Q

What hormone leads to android adiposity in men?

A

Testosterone

27
Q

Is hypertrophy of adipocytes reversible?

A

Yes

28
Q

Is hyperplasia ( ↑ # adipocytes) of adipocytes reversible?

A

No

29
Q

TNFa & Interleukin 6 have what effect on inflammation?

A

proinflammatory adipokines

30
Q

What pro-inflammatory adipokine regulates cytokines that promote tumor growth?

A

Interleukin 1

31
Q

Hypertrophy of adipocytes → Diffusion limited hypoxia → necrotic conditions → ↑ macrophages. M1 macrophages → pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor a) → inhibits insulin action What does this pathway result in?

A

Insulin resistance, low grade inflammation → ↑ ROS, ↑ CA risk

32
Q

What are the 2 hormones of the adipose organ (adipokine)?

A

Leptin Adiponectin

33
Q

What adipokine regulates metabolism and provides feedback signal on appetite?

A

Leptin

34
Q

What adipokine is insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory?

A

Adiponectin

35
Q

Resistin, a hormone of glucose metabolism, ↑ LDL and is associated with what form of DM?

A

T2DM

36
Q

What hormone of glucose metabolism has a role body metabolism, insulin sensitivity and is anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and CV protective?

A

Omentin

37
Q

What hormone of glucose metabolism is released from visceral fat and binds insulin receptor → hypoglycemic effect?

A

Visfatin

38
Q

Significant and rapid weight loss will have what effect on leptin levels?

A

Reduced leptin levels (not fully recoverable, low levels of leptin regained = weight regained)

39
Q

In healthy condition, leptin will inhibit the secretion of what?

A

Insulin (via negative feedback)

40
Q

Negative feedback from leptin on insulin produces what effect on glucose?

A

Gluconeogenesis by agal stimulation, muscle, heart, BAT glucose uptake (via ANS- sympathetic NA)

41
Q

What happens if negative feedback by leptin on insulin is lost? (4)

A
  1. hyperinsulinemia 2. ↑ weight gain 3. aggravates DM 4. ↑ leptin (which increases appetite)
42
Q

What are the 3 primary beneficial affects of adiponectin?

A
  1. Increased insulin sensitivity
  2. Anti-inflammatory
  3. Anti-atherogenic
43
Q

What tissue releases adiponectin?

A

WAT (low levels w obesity)

44
Q

What effect does adiponectin have on CV tissue?

A

Cardioprotective in heart/ endothelium, decreases BP

45
Q

What effect does adiponectin have on skeletal muscle?

A

Increases GLUT4

46
Q

What effect does adiponectin have on the liver?

A

Increased glucose uptake and energy storage

47
Q

Adiponectin acts as an autocrine signal in adipose tissue to exert what effects?

A

Promotes adipogenesis and insulin-directed glucose transport

48
Q

Leptin signaling in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) results in release of neuropeptides that exert control of what?

A

Appetite

49
Q

Ghrelin released from the stomach peaks before food and falls after meals to increase and decrease what hormones?

A

Increase NYP (neuropeptide Y)

Decrease leptin and POMC (melanocortins)

50
Q

With respect to leptin signaling, what proteins act to suppress appetite? (anorexigenic)

A

Melanocortins (POMC)

(leptin also anorexigenic)

51
Q

With respect to leptin signaling, what proteins act to stimulate? (orexigenic)

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP)

(these proteins also decrease BMR and fertility)

52
Q

What anorexigenic POMC is secreted from adipose tissue, is essential for body weight regulation, and shows reduced levels with weight loss?

A

Leptin

53
Q

What anorexigenic POMC acts to inhibit NYP cells?

A

Insulin

54
Q

What anorexigenic POMC acts by slowing gastric emptying resulting in satiety?

A

Amylin

55
Q

What anorexigenic POMC is produced in the intestines and acts to inhibit NPY neurons?

A

Peptide PTT

56
Q

What anorexigenic POMC is released from the mucosal lining of the small intestine and acts to signal satiety in response to a meal?

A

Cholcystokinin (CCK)

57
Q

With respect to anorexigenic inputs, a decrease in CRF inhibits what?

A

HPA axis

Physio II (14 decks)

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