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Physiology 1 > Regulation of Gene Expression Review > Flashcards

Regulation of Gene Expression Review Flashcards

1
Q

chromosome

A
  • organized structure of DNA and found in cells
  • singular piece of DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements, and other nucleotide sequences
  • also contain DNA-bound proteins to pack DNA and control its functions
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2
Q

Does the number of chromosomes have an affect on body size or IQ?

A

No

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

Region of chromosomal DNA that can be made into RNA

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4
Q

Where is DNA located?

A
  • Nucleus -> combination of both parents

- Mitochondrial -> Mother only

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5
Q

What happens to sperm mitochondria after fertilization?

A

It is destroyed

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6
Q

Properties of DNA

A
  • Repeating Deoxyribose of A, T, G, and C
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogen Base
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7
Q

DNA Structure

A
  • Double Helix
  • Right handed -> curves upward to right
  • Sugar Phosphates -> backbone; outside of helix
  • Bases (A,T,C,G) -> Face inward; form “steps”
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8
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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9
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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10
Q

Adenine pairs with ______ in DNA

A

Thymine

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11
Q

Guanine pairs with ______

A

Cytosine

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12
Q

Hydrogen bonds between G & C

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds between A & T

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

To which end of a DNA strand are nucleotides added?

A

3’ end

Therefore synthesis is 5’ -> 3’

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15
Q

What does DNA Polymerase do?

A

Adds Nucleotides to 3’ end during DNA Replication

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16
Q

The lagging strand in DNA replication is grown 3’ -> 5’, but DNA Polymerase only works in 5’ -> 3’. How is this problem solved?

A
  • Okazaki fragments

- Fragments are then joined by DNA Ligase in the 3’ -> 5’ direction

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17
Q

Exonuclease

A
  • degrades nucleic acid

- works 3’ -> 5’

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18
Q

Mutation types in DNA replication

A

addition, subtraction, and substitutions

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19
Q

Mutations, changes that occur during DNA replication, may be….

A
  • lethal
  • silent
  • beneficial
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20
Q

What is transcription?

A
  • process by which DNA is copied into RNA using RNA Polymerase
  • Occurs in 5’ -> 3’ Direction
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21
Q

Coding Strand

A
  • Always same strand (3’ -> 5’)

- Used to generate RNA Strand

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22
Q

Non-coding Strand

A

RNA sequence will be the same as this sequence

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23
Q

promotor

A

region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene

24
Q

Adenine binds to _______ in RNA

A

Uracil (U)

25
Q

How does transcription termination occur in bacteria?

A

Hair-pin Loop

26
Q

Where does RNA Processing occur? What does it result in?

A
  • Occurs in Nucleus

- Results in mature RNA Strand

27
Q

Capping

A

RNA Process that adds a cap to the 5’ end of primary RNA

28
Q

Poly-A Tail

A
  • Added to the 3’ end of RNA
  • protects mRNA from degradation by exonucleases
  • essential for transcription termination, export of mRNA from nucleus, and for translation
29
Q

Introns

A
  • non-coding regions of a gene
  • NOT present in mature RNA Transcript
  • Removed in nucleus
30
Q

Exons

A
  • coding regions of a gene

- can be spliced

31
Q

tRNA

A
  • transfer RNA
  • binds one specific amino acid
  • each recognizes 1 or more mRNA sequence (genetic code)
32
Q

rRNA

A
  • ribosomal RNA
  • along with protein, makes up ribosomes
  • orients mRNA, tRNA, and amino acid complex
  • ensure accurate reading of genetic code
33
Q

mRNA

A
  • messenger RNA
  • contains info for translation into proteins
  • very high turnover rate
  • allows for amplification of genetic message through multiple copeis
34
Q

Translation

A

conversion of mRNA into Protein

35
Q

A Site (Aminoacyl)

A

binds newly arriving tRNA

36
Q

P Site (Peptidyl)

A

carries the growing peptide chain attached as a peptidyl-tRNA complex

37
Q

E Site (Exit)

A

tRNA exit from ribosome

38
Q

Ribosome reads the mRNA sequence to determine the amino acid sequence. It reads 3 nucleotides at a time. What are the 3 nucleotides refer to as?

A

Triplet Codon

39
Q

How many codons are possible?

A

64 possible codons

40
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

-also codes for Methionine

41
Q

Stop Codons

A
  • UAG
  • UGA
  • UAA
42
Q

What is glycosylation?

A
  • enzyme-directed site-specific process (glycosyltransferases)
  • occurs in ER and Golgi apparatus
  • Folding, targeting, and function of the protein
  • donor molecules: nucleotide sugars (ex- ADP-glucose)
  • acceptor residues: asparagine (N), serine (S), and theronine (T)
43
Q

3 Steps of PCR

A
  • Denaturation = separates DNA strands
  • Annealing = primers bind DNA
  • Extension = new DNA synthesized
44
Q

Oswald Avery proved that DNA contains the genetic info by studying transformation of…

A

Bacteria

45
Q

Actinomycin D is an inhibitor of…

A

Transcription

46
Q

What genetic disease is caused by mutations that disrupt alternative splicing sites?

A

IGHD2 (Familial isolated growth hormone deficiency type 2)

47
Q

Most abundant protein in the animal body?

A

Collagen

48
Q

Supravalvar aortic stenosis is caused by ______ gene mutation

A

Elastin

49
Q

Adherens junctions use _______ to form the focal contact between 2 adjacent cells

A

Integrins

50
Q

____-actin is muscle specific

A

Alpha-actin

51
Q

Toll-like receptors are analogues of ________ in vertebrate innate immune systems

A

IL-1

52
Q

Alpha 1-anti trypsin deficiency causes what in dogs?

A

Panniculitis

53
Q

Which TLR recognizes LPS?

A

TLR 4

54
Q

What is LPS?

A

Lipopolysaccharide - a component of (mostly gram-negative) bacteria cell walls

55
Q

Which TLR recognizes flagellin?

A

TLR 5

Physiology 1 (27 decks)

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