Intro to Host Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

As an evolutionary “arms race”, host defenses evolve in the _________ of co-evolving would-be parasites.

A

presence

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2
Q

Defense systems can be sorted into these categories

A
  • defeat external predators

- respond to internal invaders

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3
Q

What is the only phylum that can mount an acquired immune response?

A

Vertebrates

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4
Q

Immunity at the Host/Environment Interface

A
  • 1st interface = barrier defenses, pattern recognition receptors
  • innate immunity = surface receptors, effector molecules
  • acquired (adaptive) immunity = 2nd interface; counter-receptors
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5
Q

Basics of Acquired Immunity

A
  • Mechanism of generating diversity and specificity in adaptive immunity depends on rearrangement of receptor gene segments
  • Cellular elements are primarily T and B lymphocytes
  • Get specific recogniton of foreign antigens, immunological memory of infection, and pathogen-specific adaptor proteins
  • This also gets allergies, autoimmunity, and rejection of tissue grafts
  • Process is slow -> days
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6
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • lies behind most inflammatory responses
  • triggered by neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells through host defense surveillance receptors
  • defects are rare in innate immuity
  • distinguishes between “infectious non-self” and “noninfectious self”
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7
Q

General Mechanisms of Innate Immunity

A
  • barrier tissue and glands
  • inflammation
  • the complement system
  • interferons-antiviral effector proteins
  • natural killer cells
  • symbiotic bacteria (“normal flora”)
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8
Q

Barrier tissue and glands

A
  • skin or integument
  • epidermis forms a physical barrier
  • may chemically detoxify potential carcincogens
  • melanocytes absorb UV light
  • Keratinocytes are immune-sensing cells
  • dermis contains sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and antimicrobial peptides
  • abundant blood vessels in the dermis partcipate in inflammation
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9
Q

Innate Immunity in the Genitourinary system

A
  • mucus
  • high salt
  • low pH
  • normal flora
  • antimicrobial peptides
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10
Q

Innate Immunity in the Respiratory Tract

A
  • filtering mechanisms in nasal passages
  • mucus
  • cilia (mucus escalator)
  • alveolar macrophages = innate immunity in lung
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11
Q

Innate Immunity in the G.I. tract

A
  • epithelial cells (Paneth cells) in upper GI tract produce antimicrobial peptides
  • saliva contains lysozyme
  • gastric acid
  • commensal flora in upper GI tract, rumen, and/or large intestine
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12
Q

Classic cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • tumor (swelling)
  • rubor (redness)
  • calor (heat)
  • dolar (pain)
  • loss of function
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13
Q

Goals of inflammatory response

A
  • isolate, destroy, and/or inactivate would-be invaders
  • remove debris
  • prepare the tissue for healing and repair (often imperfect)
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14
Q

In inflammation, neutrophils produce what?

A

reactive oxygen intermediates

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15
Q

In inflammation, mast cells release histamine and cytokines. Why?

A

Histamines:

  • increase local blood flow (increases delivery of inflammatory cells)
  • increases capillary permeability to deliver inflammatory mediators to extracellular space

Cytokines
-attract other inflammatory cells (macrophages and neutrophils)

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16
Q

Localized edema arises from ___________ in inflammation and contributes to pain by ____________.

A

Arises from:

  • increased colloid osmotic pressure in the extracellular space
  • increased capillary blood flow
  • increased capillary permeability

Contributes to pain by distending tissue

17
Q

Leaked plasma in the interstitial space …

A

begins to clot

18
Q

Response time of cytokine synthesis and secretion

19
Q

Response time of eicosanoid synthesis and secretion

20
Q

Response time of granule exocytosis

A

seconds - minutes

21
Q

Recognition of Non-Self Plan A and Plan B

A

Plan A: “If you see something like this, call us!”

Plan B: “If you see something like this, don’t call us!”

22
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors

A
  • expressed on cell surfaces, in intracellular compartments, or are secreted into bloodstream and tissue fluids
  • opsonization = marking bacteria for ingestion by phagocyte
  • activation of complement and coagulation pathways
  • phagocytosis
  • activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways
  • induction of apoptosis
23
Q

C-protein (CRP)

A
  • acute-phase proteins
  • produced by liver during early stages of infection and inflammation
  • non-specific -> doesn’t tell where from
24
Q

Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors

A
  • TLR3
  • TLR7
  • TLR8
  • TLR9
25
Q

TLR5 recognizes…

A

flagellin, a protein found in bacterial flagellae on cell surface

26
Q

TLR2 recognizes…

A

bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan