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Physiology 1 > Cell Adhesion > Flashcards

Cell Adhesion Flashcards

1
Q

What do cell-cell interactions promote?

A
  • wound healing
  • inflammation responses
  • immune responses (recognition of self vs. non-self)
  • tumor metastasis
  • blood clotting
  • growth and development
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2
Q

Cell adherence is very _____ and ______

A

specific and reveresible

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3
Q

Homotypic Adhesion

A

adherence of a cell to a similar cell

ex - epithelieal cells in an epithelial sheet

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4
Q

Heterotypic Adhesion

A

adherence of a cell to a dissimilar cell

ex - Neuron and Schwann Cell; Neutrophil and Endothelial Cell

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5
Q

Cadherins

A
  • Found in Plasma Membrane in Most Animal Cells
  • Discovered via Antibody Approach
  • Require Calcium to function
  • Have carbohydrate side chains that affect strength and specificity
  • Homotypic Cell Adhesion
  • Bind Through Adherens Junctions
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6
Q

Integrins

A
  • Linker Proteins that link ECM components and cells
  • binding is weak
  • low affinity prevents “gluing” of cell to ECM
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7
Q

Types of Cell Junctions

A
  • Adhesive (Anchoring) = includes desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and adherens junctions
  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions
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8
Q

Adhesive (Anchoring) Junctions

A
  • Link cells in tissues
  • connects cytoskeleton to cytoskeleton
  • allows cells to function as a unit
  • transfers stress between and within cells
  • prominent in cells subject to high stress such as skin, bladder, heart, stomach
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9
Q

The 3 types of Adhesive Junctions all contain….

A
  • 2 distinct types of proteins
    • intracellular attachment proteins
    • transmembrane linker proteins
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10
Q

Intracellular Attachment Proteins

A
  • found in Adhesive Junctions
  • adhesive junction to cytoskeleton filaments inside a plasma membrane
  • form thick plaque on cytoplasmic side of PM
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11
Q

Transmembrane Linker Proteins

A
  • found in Adhesive Junctions
  • outside plasma membrane
  • bind cells to ECM
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12
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • Type of Adhesive junction
  • between cells
  • provides structural integrity to resist stress
  • found in epithelial cells (simple and stratified squamous) and muscle cells
  • abundant in heart, skin, and the neck of the uterus
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13
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A
  • connect epithelial cells to basal membrane

- plaque is only in one cell

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14
Q

Adhesive Junctions

A
  • 2 Types = adhesion belt and focal contact
  • Adhesion belt encompasses entire cell and is common in layers of tissue that line body cavities. also connects to cytoskeleton and adjacent cells via actin
  • Focal Contact attaches cells to ECM, is not continuous, and uses integrins
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15
Q

Gap Junction

A
  • channel formed by connexons that consist of six connexins

- mediate reciprocal exchange of ions and smal molecules

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16
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • barrier to passage of both ions and molecules through paracellular pathway
  • Leaves NO space between PM of adjacent cells
    • seals cell
    • prevents movement of fluids and ions between cells of 2 different body compartments
  • degree of sealing can vary based on location in body
  • can be regulated
  • major types of proteins in tight junctions are claudins and occuludins
17
Q

Connexons

A
  • hollow cylinders
  • special type of protein grouped into an assembly of 6 subunits
  • subunits are called connexins
  • Takes 2 connexons from opposing cells normally sticking together to form complete gap junction
18
Q

Locations of Gap Junctions and why

A
  • Muscle and Nerve = Rapid Communication
  • Heart = facilitate flow of electrical current
  • Brain = cerebellum for rapid muscle movement
19
Q

Pemphigus

A
  • rare,severe autoimmune disease against cadherins in the body
  • varying size blisters break out on skin, lining of mouth, genitals, and other mucous membranes
  • other symptoms include loss of hair and skin falls/peels off
  • occurs both in humans (middle-age or older) and animals (dogs, cats, horses, goats)
  • Mainstay of treatmetn is high doses of corticosteroids
20
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris targets….

A

Dsg3

21
Q

IgA pemphigus targets…

A

Dsc1

22
Q

Pemphigus foliaceus targets…

A

Dsg1

23
Q

Pemphigus foliaceus

A
  • least severe of 3 varieties of pemphigus
  • Desmoglein 1, protien that is destroyed by autoantibody, is only found in top dry layer of skin
  • symptoms = crusty sores that often being on skin of face, ears, and feet. Eventually on entire skin
  • middle-aged to older dogs more prone to this disease
  • more commonly seen in Akitas, Doberman pinschers, Chows, Dachschunds, Newfoundlands, Bearded Collies, and Schipperkes
24
Q

Natalizumab

A
  • humanized monoclonal antibody against cellular adhesion molecule alpha4-integrin
  • used in treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease
  • could increase risk of infection

Physiology 1 (27 decks)

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