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SF4 Exam I > Regulation of Food Intake > Flashcards

Regulation of Food Intake Flashcards

1
Q

short term regulation of eating does what?

A

prevents overeating at each meal

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2
Q

short term regulation of eating is done how?

A

distention of stomach- stretch signals transmitted by vagus nerve suppress feeding center
GI hormones- secreted from intestine

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3
Q

long term regulation of eating does what?

A

maintains normal quantities of energy stores in body

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4
Q

long-term regulation of eating is mediated by what?

A

blood glucose levels (insulin/glucagon)

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5
Q

what is the control center for appetite and energy expenditure

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

lateral nuclei of hypothalamus (serves as what?)

A

serves as feeding center

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7
Q

destruction of the lateral nuclei of hypothalamus causes

A

lack of desire for food

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8
Q

stimulation of what causes hyperphagia

A

lateral nuclei of hypothalamus

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9
Q

ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (serves as what?)

A

satiety center

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10
Q

stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus does what

A

causes complete satiety

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11
Q

destruction of the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus causes what?

A

voracious and continuous eating

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12
Q

lesions of the paraventricular nucleus often cause what?

A

excessive eating

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13
Q

lesions of the dorsomedial nucleus usually do what?

A

depress eating behavior

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14
Q

where do hormones released from GI tract and adipose tissue converge to regulate food intake as well as energy exposure

A

arcuate nucleus

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15
Q

arcuate nucleus (integrates what kinds of signals)

A

acts as site of integration of number of neurological and blood-borne signals (lacks complete blood brain barrier)

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16
Q

proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons

what do they produce

A

alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)

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17
Q

what two types of neurons form the arcuate nuclei control appetite and energy expenditure

A

proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons

neurons that produce orexigienic substances

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18
Q

the orexigenic substances produces by the arcuate nuclei are?

A 
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
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19
Q

activation of POMC neurons does what

A

decreases food intake and increased energy expenditure

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20
Q

activation of NPY-AgRP neurons does what

A

increases food intake and reduces energy expenditure

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21
Q

alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

what does it act on and where

A

melanocortin receptors (MCR-3 and MCR-4) in paraventricular nuclei

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22
Q

activation of MCR-3 and MCR-4 si done by what and does what

A

alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

decreases food intake and increased energy expenditure

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23
Q

CART negative mutants are what?

A

obese

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24
Q

increase in energy expenditure caused by MCR activation is mediated in part by what?

A

neural pathways that project from paraventricular nuclei to nucleus tracts solitaires (NTS) and stimulate sympathetic nervous activity

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25
most common cause of monogenic human obesity?
mutations of MCR-4
26
defective signaling of melanocortin system is associated with
extreme obesity
27
AgRP (is antagonist to what, how does it increase feeding)
natrual antagonist of MCR-3 and MCR-4 | probably increases feeding by inhibiting affects of alpha-MSH
28
AgRP release is inhibited by what?
insulin
29
excessive formation of AgRP is associated with?
excessive feeding | obesity
30
when body energy stores are low what is released to stimulate appetite
NPY which binds to Y receptors
31
the brainstem has what types of receptors that deal with appetite and where and what kind of center
NTS has high density of Y1 and Y5 receptors | satiety center present
32
nicotinic AChRs are located on what neurons that deal with appetite
POMC neurons
33
nicotine has what effect on POMC neurons
enhances firing thus activating MCR-4 and reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure
34
leptin is what type of protein
adipocyte-derived
35
when amount of adipose tissue increase what happens to adipocyte production of leptin
goes up
36
leptin (effect)
anorexigenic | effect is to decrease food consumption and increase energy expenditure
37
leptin output is increased by what and inhibited by what
increased by insulin | inhibited by fasting and weight loss
38
leptin increase activity of what?
sympathetic nervous system- increases metabolic rate and energy expenditure
39
leptin acts where and does what
arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus represses production o fNPY and AgRP stimulates procession of POMC products alpha-MSH and CART
40
leptin decreases secretion of what
insulin
41
leptin-deficiency causes what
obesity
42
leptin signals about what type of information
degree of adiposity and nutrition
43
CCK receptors are found where in the brain and on what nerve
brainstem | vagus nerve
44
CCK has what effect on food intake
anorexigenic
45
satiation from CCK could result in part form what?
inhibition of gastric emptying thereby increasing gastric mechanoreceptor firing
46
effects of CCK dissipate after how long?
24 hours
47
administration of CCK decreases food intake in humans by
shortening time of meals
48
ghrelin is produced primarily where
stomach and proximal samll intestine
49
ghrelin must be what to be activated
acylated
50
ghrelin stimulates what neurons
NPY/AgRP
51
ghrelin levels increase with what?
weight loss-low calorie diets, cancer anorexia, anorexia nervosa stress sleep deprivation
52
ghrelin levels decrease with what?
weight gain | exercise
53
ghrelin plasma levels rise when?
1-2 hours processing normal meals
54
ghrelin plasma levels drop when?
about 1 hour after meal
55
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced from what, by what cells, and where
produced from proglucagon by L cells in ileum and colon
56
GLP-1 has what affect on food intake
anorexigenic
57
GLP-1 is released when and when do levels increase
released throughout the day | increase in response to meal
58
what stimulates secretion of GLP-1
ingested nutrients (especially fats and carbohydrates)
59
oxyntomodulin (OXM) | what is it, what type of effect does it have, and where is it secreted
proglucagon-derived peptide anorexigenic secreted from distal intestine
60
OXM is secreted in proportion to what
ingested calories
61
repeated injection of OXM does what
decrease body weight and increase activity related expenditure
62
PYY (where is it secreted, what type of effect does it have)
distal intestine | anorexigenic
63
PYY is secreted when and in proportion to what (what type of calories have the greatest effect on secretion)
after a meal in proportion to caloric load (lipids > carbohydrates > proteins)
64
what GI hormones are anorexigenic
``` leptin CCK Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) Oxyntomodulin (OXM) PYY ```
65
what GI hormones are orexigenic
ghrelin
66
what effect does fasting have on pancreatic polypeptide, PYY, GLP-1, OXM, Ghrelin
decrease pancreatic polypeptide decrease PYY, GLP-1, and OXM increase Ghrelin
67
what effect does being fed have on pancreatic polypeptide, PYY, GLP-1, OXM, Ghrelin
increased pancreatic polypeptide | increase PYY, GLP-1, OXM
68
increased pancreatic polypeptide has what effect on feeding and through what
anorexigenic | affect vagus nerve, dorsal vagal complex, and arcuate nucleus
69
endocannabinoids are derived from what?
arachidonic acid
70
Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids (ECs) have what effect on feeding
increase food intake | particularly sweats and fats
71
Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids (ECs) levels in obese people
elevated
72
what effect does leptin have on endocannabinoids
decreased levels of ECs in animals
73
with aging what happens to anorexigenic and orexigenic substances
anorexigenic substance levels stay the same | orexigenic substance levels go down
74
anorexia nervosa (what levels are elevated and decreased, when can they go back to normal)
NPY levels elevated Leptin levels decreased levels can go back to normal when weight returns to normal
75
obesity results from?
greater energy intake than energy expenditure
76
obese person who has reduced to normal weight by strict dietary measures usually develops what kind of hunger compared to that of a lean person
develops intense hunger that is demonstrably far greater than that of a lean person

SF4 Exam I (16 decks)

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