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SF4 Exam I > Regulation of Food Intake > Flashcards

Regulation of Food Intake Flashcards

1
Q

short term regulation of eating does what?

A

prevents overeating at each meal

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2
Q

short term regulation of eating is done how?

A

distention of stomach- stretch signals transmitted by vagus nerve suppress feeding center
GI hormones- secreted from intestine

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3
Q

long term regulation of eating does what?

A

maintains normal quantities of energy stores in body

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4
Q

long-term regulation of eating is mediated by what?

A

blood glucose levels (insulin/glucagon)

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5
Q

what is the control center for appetite and energy expenditure

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

lateral nuclei of hypothalamus (serves as what?)

A

serves as feeding center

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7
Q

destruction of the lateral nuclei of hypothalamus causes

A

lack of desire for food

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8
Q

stimulation of what causes hyperphagia

A

lateral nuclei of hypothalamus

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9
Q

ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (serves as what?)

A

satiety center

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10
Q

stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus does what

A

causes complete satiety

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11
Q

destruction of the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus causes what?

A

voracious and continuous eating

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12
Q

lesions of the paraventricular nucleus often cause what?

A

excessive eating

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13
Q

lesions of the dorsomedial nucleus usually do what?

A

depress eating behavior

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14
Q

where do hormones released from GI tract and adipose tissue converge to regulate food intake as well as energy exposure

A

arcuate nucleus

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15
Q

arcuate nucleus (integrates what kinds of signals)

A

acts as site of integration of number of neurological and blood-borne signals (lacks complete blood brain barrier)

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16
Q

proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons

what do they produce

A

alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)

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17
Q

what two types of neurons form the arcuate nuclei control appetite and energy expenditure

A

proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons

neurons that produce orexigienic substances

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18
Q

the orexigenic substances produces by the arcuate nuclei are?

A 
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
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19
Q

activation of POMC neurons does what

A

decreases food intake and increased energy expenditure

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20
Q

activation of NPY-AgRP neurons does what

A

increases food intake and reduces energy expenditure

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21
Q

alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

what does it act on and where

A

melanocortin receptors (MCR-3 and MCR-4) in paraventricular nuclei

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22
Q

activation of MCR-3 and MCR-4 si done by what and does what

A

alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)

decreases food intake and increased energy expenditure

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23
Q

CART negative mutants are what?

A

obese

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24
Q

increase in energy expenditure caused by MCR activation is mediated in part by what?

A

neural pathways that project from paraventricular nuclei to nucleus tracts solitaires (NTS) and stimulate sympathetic nervous activity

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25
Q

most common cause of monogenic human obesity?

A

mutations of MCR-4

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26
Q

defective signaling of melanocortin system is associated with

A

extreme obesity

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27
Q

AgRP (is antagonist to what, how does it increase feeding)

A

natrual antagonist of MCR-3 and MCR-4

probably increases feeding by inhibiting affects of alpha-MSH

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28
Q

AgRP release is inhibited by what?

A

insulin

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29
Q

excessive formation of AgRP is associated with?

A

excessive feeding

obesity

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30
Q

when body energy stores are low what is released to stimulate appetite

A

NPY which binds to Y receptors

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31
Q

the brainstem has what types of receptors that deal with appetite and where and what kind of center

A

NTS has high density of Y1 and Y5 receptors

satiety center present

32
Q

nicotinic AChRs are located on what neurons that deal with appetite

A

POMC neurons

33
Q

nicotine has what effect on POMC neurons

A

enhances firing thus activating MCR-4 and reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure

34
Q

leptin is what type of protein

A

adipocyte-derived

35
Q

when amount of adipose tissue increase what happens to adipocyte production of leptin

A

goes up

36
Q

leptin (effect)

A

anorexigenic

effect is to decrease food consumption and increase energy expenditure

37
Q

leptin output is increased by what and inhibited by what

A

increased by insulin

inhibited by fasting and weight loss

38
Q

leptin increase activity of what?

A

sympathetic nervous system- increases metabolic rate and energy expenditure

39
Q

leptin acts where and does what

A

arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
represses production o fNPY and AgRP
stimulates procession of POMC products alpha-MSH and CART

40
Q

leptin decreases secretion of what

A

insulin

41
Q

leptin-deficiency causes what

A

obesity

42
Q

leptin signals about what type of information

A

degree of adiposity and nutrition

43
Q

CCK receptors are found where in the brain and on what nerve

A

brainstem

vagus nerve

44
Q

CCK has what effect on food intake

A

anorexigenic

45
Q

satiation from CCK could result in part form what?

A

inhibition of gastric emptying thereby increasing gastric mechanoreceptor firing

46
Q

effects of CCK dissipate after how long?

A

24 hours

47
Q

administration of CCK decreases food intake in humans by

A

shortening time of meals

48
Q

ghrelin is produced primarily where

A

stomach and proximal samll intestine

49
Q

ghrelin must be what to be activated

A

acylated

50
Q

ghrelin stimulates what neurons

A

NPY/AgRP

51
Q

ghrelin levels increase with what?

A

weight loss-low calorie diets, cancer anorexia, anorexia nervosa
stress
sleep deprivation

52
Q

ghrelin levels decrease with what?

A

weight gain

exercise

53
Q

ghrelin plasma levels rise when?

A

1-2 hours processing normal meals

54
Q

ghrelin plasma levels drop when?

A

about 1 hour after meal

55
Q

glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced from what, by what cells, and where

A

produced from proglucagon
by L cells
in ileum and colon

56
Q

GLP-1 has what affect on food intake

A

anorexigenic

57
Q

GLP-1 is released when and when do levels increase

A

released throughout the day

increase in response to meal

58
Q

what stimulates secretion of GLP-1

A

ingested nutrients (especially fats and carbohydrates)

59
Q

oxyntomodulin (OXM)

what is it, what type of effect does it have, and where is it secreted

A

proglucagon-derived peptide
anorexigenic
secreted from distal intestine

60
Q

OXM is secreted in proportion to what

A

ingested calories

61
Q

repeated injection of OXM does what

A

decrease body weight and increase activity related expenditure

62
Q

PYY (where is it secreted, what type of effect does it have)

A

distal intestine

anorexigenic

63
Q

PYY is secreted when and in proportion to what (what type of calories have the greatest effect on secretion)

A

after a meal in proportion to caloric load (lipids > carbohydrates > proteins)

64
Q

what GI hormones are anorexigenic

A 
leptin
CCK
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Oxyntomodulin (OXM)
PYY
65
Q

what GI hormones are orexigenic

A

ghrelin

66
Q

what effect does fasting have on pancreatic polypeptide, PYY, GLP-1, OXM, Ghrelin

A

decrease pancreatic polypeptide
decrease PYY, GLP-1, and OXM
increase Ghrelin

67
Q

what effect does being fed have on pancreatic polypeptide, PYY, GLP-1, OXM, Ghrelin

A

increased pancreatic polypeptide

increase PYY, GLP-1, OXM

68
Q

increased pancreatic polypeptide has what effect on feeding and through what

A

anorexigenic

affect vagus nerve, dorsal vagal complex, and arcuate nucleus

69
Q

endocannabinoids are derived from what?

A

arachidonic acid

70
Q

Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids (ECs) have what effect on feeding

A

increase food intake

particularly sweats and fats

71
Q

Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids (ECs) levels in obese people

A

elevated

72
Q

what effect does leptin have on endocannabinoids

A

decreased levels of ECs in animals

73
Q

with aging what happens to anorexigenic and orexigenic substances

A

anorexigenic substance levels stay the same

orexigenic substance levels go down

74
Q

anorexia nervosa (what levels are elevated and decreased, when can they go back to normal)

A

NPY levels elevated
Leptin levels decreased
levels can go back to normal when weight returns to normal

75
Q

obesity results from?

A

greater energy intake than energy expenditure

76
Q

obese person who has reduced to normal weight by strict dietary measures usually develops what kind of hunger compared to that of a lean person

A

develops intense hunger that is demonstrably far greater than that of a lean person

SF4 Exam I (16 decks)

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