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SF4 Exam I > Development of the Abdomen > Flashcards

Development of the Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

during third week of development what does the embryo become and what are the layers called

A 
trilaminar disc
three layers of disc (germ layers)
ectoderm (continuous with amnion)
mesoderm (single horseshoe shaped canal- intraembryonic coelom)
endoderm (continuous with yolk sac)
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2
Q

what directions does the embryo fold and what does this do

A

craniocaudally
laterally
canals and part of yolk sac are incorporated into embryo

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3
Q

what is the result of embryonic folding

A

gut tube (endoderm surrounded by support mesoderm) suspended inside cavity b/w a dorsal and a ventral connection to the body wall

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4
Q

by the 5th week of development there is a single gut tube suspended by what?

A

THE dorsal mesentery

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5
Q

Major developmental events of the gastrointestinal system occur when in embryonic life (and what marks the beginning and the end

A

between
4th week- initial dilation of stomach
and 10th week- return of herniated loops of intestine

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6
Q

foregut derivatives are suppled by what artery

A

celiac artery

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7
Q

foregut derivaties are (name the organs)

A 
esophagus
stomach (gaster)
proximal half of duodenum
liver (hepar)
gall pladder
pancrease
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8
Q

the respiratory diverticulum is an outgrowth of what section of the gut and forms what?

A

foregut outgrowth

forms: larynx, trachea, and lungs

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9
Q

the foregut includes what (name of the gut and its extension from where to where)?

A

pharyngeal gut from buccopharyngeal membrane to respiratory diverticulum

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10
Q

the foregut forms part of what cavity and what other structures (not abdominal organs)

A

oral cavity
pharynx
directs of the pharyngeal arches

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11
Q

midgut derivatives are supplied by what artery

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery

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12
Q

midgut derivaties (name the organs)

A 
distal half of duodenum
jejunum and ileum
cecum and vermiform appendix
ascending colon
proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
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13
Q

hindgut derivatives are supplied by what artery

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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14
Q

hindgut derivaties (name the organs)

A

distal 1/3 of transverse colon
descending and sigmoid coon
superior 1/2 of rectum

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15
Q

the esophagus is formed by what?

A

a partition that develops in the foregut tube called the tracheoesophageal septum

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16
Q

formation of esophagus begins as what?

A

respiratory diverticulum (lung buds) that expand caudally forming the esophagotracheal ridge- this later forms the septum that separates pharynx into esophagus and trachea

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17
Q

the stomach starts as?

A

dilation (swelling) in tube (foregut)

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18
Q

what surface of the stomach grows faster?

A

dorsal surface grows faster than ventral surface

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19
Q

what surface becomes the greater curvature and why

A

dorsal surface

because it grows faster than the ventral surface

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20
Q

rotation of stomach during development does what?

A

causes the original ventral surface to move to the right and the original dorsal surface to move to the left
this makes the greater curvature end up on the left side in adults

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21
Q

rotation of stomach during development results in what structure?

A

lesser sac (omental bursa)

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22
Q

the composition of vagal trunks (left being anterior and right being posterior) can be explained by?

A

90 degree rotation of stomach on its longitudinal axis

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23
Q

the liver develops as what?

A

a bud (hepatic diverticulum) off the foregut

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24
Q

the liver grows in what direction pushing through what?

A

grows out ventrally

pushes through the inferior part of the septum transversum (later becomes ventral mesentery)

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25
Q

as the liver grows it does what (in relation to abdominal cavity) and this causes what

A

bulges into abdominal cavity
pulls the septum transversum with it
causes liver to be suspended b/w foregut and anterior abdominal wall by ventral mesentery (septum transversum)

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26
Q

the septum transversum (other than ventral mesentery) is a main component of what and is formed from what germ layer?

A

diaphragm

mesoderms

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27
Q

the falciform ligament (derived from what, connects what, carries what)

A

derived from ventral mesentery
liver to anterior abdominal wall
free margin carries umbilical vein (ligamentum teres)

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28
Q

lesser omentum (derived from what, what does it connect)

A

derived from ventral mesentery

connects liver to foregut

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29
Q

lesser omentum (named parts and what they connect)

A

hepatogastric ligament- liver to stomach

hepatoduodenal ligament- liver to duodenum (carries portal triad)

30
Q

the septum transversum ultimately becomes what (in relation to liver and diaphragm)?

A

visceral peritoneum of liver

central tendon of diaphragm

31
Q

the liver is enclosed in what?

A

visceral peritoneum of ventral mesentery

32
Q

the part of the liver not covered by visceral peritoneum is called what

A

bare area

33
Q

the gallbladder and ventral pancreatic bud arise from what?

A

hepatic diverticulum

34
Q

dorsal pancreas develops as a bud off of what?

A

dorsal surface of developing duodenum

35
Q

the common stay of the liver and gall bladder becomes what?

A

common bile duct

36
Q

as the foregut rotates to the right what happens to duodenum

A

duodenum becomes C-shaped and ends up to the right of midline

37
Q

as the foregut rotates to the right what happens to pancreas and bile duct and why

A

the pancreas and bile duct migrate dorsally

due to duodenum growing more quickly on the dorsal wall coupled with rotation

38
Q

during what week do the two pancreatic buds fuse

A

6th week

39
Q

the ventral pancreatic bud becomes what?

A

head and uncinate process

40
Q

the dorsal pancreatic bud becomes what.

A

body and tail of pancreas

41
Q

when the pancreatic buds fuse the ducts anastomose; what does each duct from each bud become (respectfully)

A

ventral bud- main pancreatic duct

dorsal bud- accessory pancreatic duct

42
Q

Annular pancreas (what is it, what causes it, why is it significant)

A

rare congenital abnormality characterized by a ring of pancreatic tissue that encircles the descending portion of the duodenum
thought to originate from incomplete rotation of the pancreatic ventral bud
pancreatic tissue can constrict the duodenum and obstruct the intestine

43
Q

Spleen (formation)

A

as an independent condensation of mesoderm between layers of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach

44
Q

what abdominal organ is not an outgrowth of the gut

A

spleen

45
Q

the part of the dorsal mesentery that extends posterior to the spleen does what

A

fuses to the posterior abdominal wall

46
Q

the part of the dorsal mesentery between the spleen and the stomach becomes what?

A

gastrosplenic ligament

47
Q

the confused part of the dorsal mesentery that extends posterior to the spleen becomes what?

A

splenorenal ligament

48
Q

physiological umbilical herniation

A

normal

as the midgut elongates the intestinal loops project into the umbilical cord

49
Q

Gastroschisis

A

ventral body wall defect that results in herniation of intestinal loops into the amniotic cavity
due to failure of the body wall to close

50
Q

Omphalocele

A

ventral wall defect

caused when parts of the guy tube that normally hornet into the umbilical cord fail to return to the abdominal cavity

51
Q

when the intestines project into the umbilical cord what happens to the midgut?

A

rotates 90 degrees counter clockwise

52
Q

what type of rotation does the midgut undergo (and around what)

A

90 degree counter clockwise rotation along the axis of the superior mesenteric artery and vitelline duct

53
Q

the cecum forms as what?

A

a swelling on the distal (caudal) loop

54
Q

as the intestines return to the abdomen during the 10th week what happens?

A

they rotate another 180 degrees counterclockwise

55
Q

what is the total degrees of rotation the intestines undergo

A

270 degrees

56
Q

where does the cecum end up after intestinal rotation

A

lower right

57
Q

where does the proximal end of the intestine end up after rotation

A

upper left part of abdominal cavity

goes back first

58
Q

Meckle’s Diverticulum

A

persistence of vitelline duct

about 50 cm from ileocecal valve

59
Q

what organs are secondarily retroperitoneal

A

2nd and 3rd parts of duodenum
head and body of pancreas
ascending colon
descending colon

60
Q

midgut-hindgut transition (where does it occur)

A

2/3 of the way through the transverse colon near the left colic (splenic) flexure

61
Q

midgut-hindgut transition (where does it get blood)

A

superior and inferior mesenteric arteries via the marginal artery of Drummond

62
Q

cloaca (what is it and where)

A

part of hindgut

just proximal to the cloacal membrane

63
Q

the cloaca is divided into what?

A 
urogenital sinus (anterior)
anorectal canal (posterior)
64
Q

what divides the cloaca

A

growing urogenital septum between the hindgut and allantois

65
Q

proctodeum (what is it)

A

an indentation of the body wall

forms distal opening of tube as septum grows

66
Q

what happens to the proctodeum as the septum grows

A

pushes inward toward the anorectal cannot form the distal opening of the tube

67
Q

fully formed anal canal is derived from what

A

cloaca (part of embryonic hindgut)

proctodeum (part of body wall)

68
Q

the separation of the two region of the anal canal is called what?

A

the pectinate line

69
Q

below the pectinate line where does the anal canal receive blood and innervation from?

A

branches of internal iliac artery

innervated by spinal nerves

70
Q

above the pectinate line where does the anal canal receive blood and innervation from?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

autonomic nerves

71
Q

what about the anal canal is important in understanding a variety of clinical conditions from rectal cancer to hermorrhoids

A

knowing about dual innervation, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage

SF4 Exam I (16 decks)

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