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Endorepro Midterm > Regulation of Calcium + Phosphate > Flashcards

Regulation of Calcium + Phosphate Flashcards

1
Q

Where is 99% of calcium found?

A

Stored in bones + teeth

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2
Q

What form of calcium = active?

A

The free (ultrafilterable), ionized ca++ = active –>can cross plasma membrane

50%

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3
Q

If a person has hyperreflexia, spontaneous twitching, muscel cramps, and tingling and numbness what do they have?

A

Hypocalcemia (low blood calcium)

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4
Q

What 2 signs are seen in hypocalcemia?

A

Chvostek sign (facial muscle twitch)

Trousseau sign (carpopedal spasm when blood pressure cuff is inflated)

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5
Q

What disease shows symptoms of constipation, lack of appetite, luscle weakness, lethargy, coma?

A

hypercalcemia (increased serum calcium)

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6
Q

Does hyper or hypocalcemia increase membrane excitability (spontaneous APs) via lowering the acivation threshold?

A

Hypercalcemia

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7
Q

If you are acidodic, will you have more or less bound calcium?

A

less bound and more free cause albumin is neg.

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8
Q

If you are alkalotic, will you have more or less calcium bound to albumin?

A

more

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9
Q

What percentage is phosphate (Pi) is stored in bone?

A

85%

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10
Q

Which cells secrete PTH?

A

The chief cells of the parathyroid gland

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11
Q

What is the stimulus for PTH secretion?

A

decreased plasma calcium

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12
Q

Increased synthesis + storage of PTH would be seen in?

A

Chronic hypocalcemia

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13
Q

Decreased synthesis and storage of PTH would be seen in?

A

Chronic hypercalcemia

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14
Q

In alcoholics, they tend to have chronic Magnesium depletion. What does this do to PTH?

A

Hypomagnesemia inhibits PTH synthesis

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15
Q

When PTH and Vit. D bind to their G protein linked receptor, this does what?

A

Increases cAMP

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16
Q

What is the active form of Vit. D?

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

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17
Q

What does bone resorption mean?

A

It takes calcium from the bone and puts it into circulation to raise blood calcium.

18
Q

What does PTH do to calcium and phosphate levels?

A

It wants to increase blood calcium and decrease phosphate

19
Q

What is interesting about Vitamin D?

A

It increases BOTH calcium and Pi

20
Q

What is another name for Vitamin D?

A

cholecalciferol

21
Q

What hormone works to promote mineralization of new bone?

A

Vitamin D

22
Q

What hormone with the stimulus of decreased calcium and phosphate and increased PTH, converts inactive vitamin D to its active form?

A

1 alpha-hydroxylase

(AKA CYP1alpha)

23
Q

What part of bone are PTH receptors located on?

A

OsteoBLASTS

24
Q

What steroid hormone acts synergistically with PTH to help with bone formation and resorption?

What are the short term and long term effects?

A

Vitamin D

short term actions: bone formation (direct effect on osteoblasts)

long term actions: bone resorption (indirect effect on osteoclasts)

25
Q

What is the primary mediator of osteoclast formation?

A

RANKL

26
Q

What are the specific action of PTH and Vit D on bone formation and resorption?

A

PTH: Increases RANKL and decreases OPG

Vit. D: Increases RANKL

27
Q

What inhibits RANKL?

A

OPG (osteoprogeritin)

28
Q

What is RANK?

A

cell surface protein receptor on osteoclasts

29
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

form new bone

30
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Resorb old bone

31
Q

In the kidney, what causes posphaturia (increased excretion of phosphate)?

A

Inhibition of NPT by PTH

32
Q

Describe how PTH affects calcium and phosphate homeostasis?

A
33
Q

Describe how Vitamin D affects calcium and phosphate homeostasis:

A
34
Q

What is secreted when there is high blood calcium?

A

Calcitonin

35
Q

What inhibits bone resorption?

A

Calcitonin

36
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism:

A

stones, bones, and groans

37
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism:

  • Renal Failure
  • Vitamin D Deficiency
A
38
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A
39
Q

Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy: Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1a

A

Gs defective (no cAMP)

Short neck, short stature

40
Q

Humoral Hypercalcemia of malignancy

A

Increased PTHrP levels

41
Q

Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia

A

Overproducing calcium, but can’t detect it cause calsium sensor (CaSR) is mutated

42
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets (kids)

type 1: Decreases 1 alpha-hydroxylase

type 2: decreased vitamin D receptor

Osteomalacia (adults)

Endorepro Midterm (11 decks)

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