Endocrine Pancreas

Question 1

What are the hormones that the islets of langerhans cells (the clusters that make up the endocrine panceas) secrete?

Answer 1

beta cells –> insulin

alpha cells –> glucagon

delta cells –> somatostatin

Question 2

What can we use to measure endogenous B cell function?

Answer 2

C peptide (secreted in same amount as insulin)

Question 3

What type of drugs promotes the closing of the ATP dependent K+ channel in beta pancreatic cells, causing depolarization, opening calcium channels, therefore increasing insulin secretion and treating type 2 diabetes?

Answer 3

Sulfonylurea drugs (ex. tolbutamide + glyburide)

Question 4

What are incretin hormones and what do they do?

Answer 4

Incretins = GLP-1, GIP, short T1/T2

They are secreted in response to GI glucose + fat –> Stimulate insulin secretion

Question 5

When insulin is secreted, which transporter transports glucose to muscle and adipose tissue?

Answer 5

Glut 4

Question 6

When insulin is secreted, which transporter allows for the peripheral uptake of glucose via facilitated diffusion to the liver?

Answer 6

Glut 2

Question 7

What are the actions of insulin in muscle?

Answer 7

increased glycogen synthesis, increased hexokinase (in liver –> CAC), increased glycolysis + carbohydrate oxidation, decreased gluconeogenesis (generating new glucose), increased protein synthesis + breakdown

Question 8

Insulin –> IRS-1 –> P13 –> AKT –> ________

Answer 8

metabolic effects –> Glut 2 (liver) + Glut 4 (muscle)

protein, fat, + glycogen synthesis

Question 9

Insulin –> IRS-1 –> GRB/SOS –> MAP Kinase –> _______

Answer 9

Growth

Question 10

What factors stimulate insulin secretion?

Answer 10

Question 11

What factors inhibit insulin secretion?

Answer 11

Question 12

With no insulin what stimulates glucose uptake?

Answer 12

Muscle contractions –> why exercise is so important for diabetes patients + insulin resistance

Question 13

What causes type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 13

not enough insulin secretion, usually from a destruction of beta cells (autoimmune disease)

Question 14

Since your body can’t secrete insulin and none of the glucose you are eating is getting absorbed, your body thinks you are fasting therefore what state do you go into?

Answer 14

Diabetic ketoacidosis (AKA metabolic acidosis)

Question 15

Besides taking up glucose, what is an imprtant action of insulin?

Answer 15

Uptake of potassium into cells

Causes hypokalemia

Question 16

What causes diabetes type 1 and what is a major symptom?

Answer 16

Not enough insulin secretion via autoimmune disease destryoing beta cells.

Causes hyperkalemia (shift of K+ out of cell) –> osmotic diuresis (increased urination)

Question 17

What happens to blood sugar levels during exercise?

Answer 17

They increase!

When you exercise your muscles need more glucose to supply energy. In response, your liver increases the amount of glucose it releases into your bloodstream. … So if you do not have enough insulin available, your blood glucose levels can actually increase right after exercise.

Question 18

What causes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 18

Insulin resistance

When you are obese you make your beta cells work so hard (and don’t use any muscle contractions to stimulate glucose intake) that they get exausted and inflammed and eventually die!

Question 19

What does lipoprotein lipase do?

Answer 19

Transfers triglycerides from your blood to your adipose tissue. It is stimulated by insulin.

Question 20

What happens in stages once you become obese?

Answer 20

Question 21

In the glucose tolerance test, the difference between inuslin after oral glucose and insulin after IV glucose is the __________.

Answer 21

Incretin effect

Question 22

Review this chart about diabetes

Answer 22

Question 23

What has a hyperglycemic action?

Answer 23

Glucagon

Question 24

What has a hypoglycemic action?

Answer 24

Insulin

Question 25

What stimulates and inhibits glucagon secretion?

Answer 25

Question 26

The main target of glucagon is the liver… what does it do?

Answer 26