Regulation of arterial pressure

Question 1

what is the most rapid method of pressure control

Answer 1

neuronal through peripheral baroreceptors

Question 2

what mediates the slower mediation of pressure

Answer 2

RAAS

Question 3

what nerve innervates the carotid sinus

Answer 3

glossopharyngeal n (CN IX) aka the sinus nerve of hering

Question 4

what innervates the aortic sinus

Answer 4

vagus n (CN X) and the aortic nerve

Question 5

where do the nerves from the baroreceptors synapse

Answer 5

nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)

Question 6

what does the NTS use as its neurotransmitter

Answer 6

glutamate

Question 7

what output from the NTS gives the vasculature response

Answer 7

rostral ventrolateral medulla

Question 8

what output from the NTS gives the cardiac response

Answer 8

dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and nucleus ambiguous

Question 9

what receptor type is associated with baroreceptors

Answer 9

TRP channels

Question 10

How do you calculate the MABP (mean arterial blood pressure)

Answer 10

HRSVTPR or CO*TPR

Question 11

what 2 factors determine SV

Answer 11

sympathetic stim of heart and preload

Question 12

what 2 factors affect HR

Answer 12

sympathetic and parasympathetic stim

Question 13

how is the aortic receptor different from the carotid

Answer 13

aortic has higher threshold
for activation, continues to respond above
saturation, less sensitive to rate, less effected by
decreases

Question 14

what are the upper and lower limits of the carotid body in regards to pressure

Answer 14

200 to 40-60 mm Hg

Question 15

what does the sympathetic system cause in arterial pressure

Answer 15

decreased baroreceptor firing, preganglionic fibers below T1

Question 16

what does the sympathetic innervate in the heart

Answer 16

heart muscles, SA node directly, vessels, and adrenal gland via splanchnic n

Question 17

what receptor causes constriction of the arterioles and veins

Answer 17

alpha receptors

Question 18

what receptor increases HR and contractility

Answer 18

beta 1

Question 19

what does the parasympathetic system do to decrease heart rate

Answer 19

increased baroreceptor firing; vagus n signals SA, atria and vent; acts on muscarinic receptors; stimulates NO release in vessels

Question 20

when is renin secreted

Answer 20

in response to a drop in BP

Question 21

if BP is higher than normal, what does the body do

Answer 21

less renin is secreted

Question 22

what form of angiotensin is active? what does it do

Answer 22

2; causes secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

Question 23

what does aldosterone do

Answer 23

leads Na and H2O retention by kidneys

causes increased blood volume, preload/stroke volume, CO, and BP

increased thirst

stimulates release of ADH

Question 24

what does angiotensin II do for global vasculature

Answer 24

global vasoconstriction of arterioles by binding to AT1 receptors

increases TPR and BP

Question 25

what is a side effect of ACE inibitors

Answer 25

cough because of bradykinin buildup

Question 26

what is another way of blocking angiotensin 2 besides ace inhibitors

Answer 26

angiotensin receptor blockers

Question 27

what does ADH cause

Answer 27

increase TPR and water retention

Question 28

what does ADH act on

Answer 28

V1 receptors in SM and V2 receptors in collecting ducts

Question 29

what causes increased secretion of ANP, BNP, or CNP

Answer 29

excessive preload of atria and ventricles

Question 30

what do natriuretic peptide do

Answer 30

arteriolar dilation - decreases TPR
increases fluid loss - decreases preload
inhibits renin - decreases both TPR and preload

Question 31

what is the cushing triad

Answer 31

hypertension (sympathetic) , bradycardia (baroreceptor), irregular respiration (impaired brainstem function)

Question 32

what causes cushings triad

Answer 32

increased intercranial pressure

Question 33

what are the responses to increased blood volume

Answer 33

• Increase secretion of ANP
• Decrease ADH secretions
• Renal vasodilation
• Increased heart rate

Question 34

what are the general reactions to exercise

Answer 34

• Increased sympathetic output (beta-1 receptors) and decreased parasympathetic output
• Increased HR/contractility (you name it, it goes up)
• Increased venous return
• Vasoconstriction due to alpha1 receptor activation (overall slight increase in MAP)
• SBP will increase, DBP should not change much