Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CP Final > First Aid > Flashcards

First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Pulse pressure is inversely proportional to; what is it proportional to

A

Compliance; SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes increases in pulse pressure

A

Hyperthyroidism, aortic regurgitation, aortic stiffening, obstructive sleep apnea, exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes decreased pulse pressure

A

Aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes increased CO for early exercise? Late?

A

Increases in HR and SV; as SV plateaus only HR can increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which phase is shortened with increased heart rate

A

Diastole -> decreased filling -> decreased CO -> v-tac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What increases SV

A

Increased contractility, increased preload, decreased afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Contractility increases with

A
  • Catecholamine stimulation via β1 (causes more Ca to enter cell because of phosph. Ca channels and phosph. phospholambin means more Ca stored in SR)
  • Increased intracellular Ca
  • Decreased extracellular Na
  • Digitalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Contractility decreases with

A
  • β1 blockade (decreased cAMP)
  • HF with systolic dysfunction
  • acidosis
  • hypoxia/hypercapnia
  • Non-dihydropyridine Ca channel blockers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes increases in myocardial O2 demand

A

Increased contractility
Increased afterload
Increased heart rate
Increased diameter of ventricle (more stress)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does nitroglycerin dilate

A

Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do venous vasodilators do

A

Decrease preload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What approximates preload

A

EDV (general measure of blood in circulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do arterial vasodilators do

A

Decrease afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do ACE inibitors and ARBs do

A

Decrease preload and afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does a narcotics overdose do for the heart

A

Decrease inotropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The first side of the pressure volume loop represents what phase

A

Isovolumetric contraction (both valves are closed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the first heart sound heart in pressure volume loop

A

Bottom right corner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the top curve in the pressure volume loop

A

Systolic ejection after aortic valve opens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the left side of the pressure volume loop

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the second heart sound on pressure volume loops

A

Top left corner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the this heart sound on the pressure volume loop

A

Bottom left corner to the left of midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the 4th heart sound on the pressure volume loop

A

Bottom right corner on the bottom line

23
Q

What does the bottom line of the pressure volume loop represent

A

Rapid and reduced filling

24
Q

What events make up systole

A

Atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, rapid ejection, and reduced ejection

25
Q

What events make up diastole

A

Isovolumetric relaxation, rapid ventricular filling, and reduced ventricular filling

26
Q

What happens during atrial systole

A

Starts mid p wave, there is the first hump in jugular venous pressure (a wave), ventricular volume raises slightly, we hear S4, and it ends with the mitral valve closing

27
Q

What happens during isovolumetric contraction

A

Mitral valve closes, we hear S1, it begins mid R wave and ends after S wave

28
Q

What happens during rapid ejection

A

Begins with aortic valve opening, encompasses the end of S1, the C wave of venous jugular pressure, and we are in the ST interval

29
Q

What happens during reduced ejection

A

This encompasses the T wave, it ends with the dicrotic notch (aortic valve closes)

30
Q

What happens with isovolumetric relaxation

A

It begins with the aortic valve closing, ends with mitral valve opening, contains S2, and the V wave of jugular venous pressure

31
Q

What happens during rapid ventricular filling

A

Starts with the mitral valve opening, contains S3, contains the Y wave of venous presssure

32
Q

What happens with reduced ventricular filling

A

Nothing really on the graphs, but the ventricles continue to fill

33
Q

What is associated with a strong S3

A

Increased filling pressures (mitral valve regurg. and HF) and is more common in those with dilated ventricles (young adults/kids)

34
Q

What is S4 also called

A

Atrial kick

35
Q

What is loud S4 related to

A

High atrial pressure and ventricular non-compliance (hypertrophy)

Always abnormal

36
Q

What is normal splitting of heart sounds

A

There should be a delay in pulmonic valve closing on inspiration but normal on expiration

37
Q

What is wide splitting

A

This is the same as the normal delay but the time is increased (extra delay on inspiration)

Caused by pulmonic stenosis or RBBB

38
Q

What is fixed splitting

A

The aortic and pulmonic valve are at the same time regardless of inspiration or expiration

This is seen in ASD

39
Q

What is paradoxical splitting

A

Pulmonary valve closes before aortic valve and there is a larger gap on expiration, not inspiration

Thisis caused by aortic stenosis and LBBB

40
Q

What ion predominates in myocyte phase 0

A

Na

41
Q

What ion(s) are moving in phase 1

A

Inactivation of v-gated Na and activation of v-gated K

42
Q

What ions are moving in phase 2

A

This is the plateau phase where we have K leaving and Ca coming in so there is no net change in Vm

43
Q

What ion(s) are moving in phase 3 of myocytes

A

V-gated slow K channels are allowing K out and v-gated Ca channels have closed

44
Q

What ion(s) are moving in phase 4 of myocytes

A

K through leak channels

45
Q

What causes a prominent U wave

A

Hypokalemia and bradycardia

46
Q

What causes torsades de pointes

A

Drugs, decreased K, decrease Mg, congenital abnormalities

47
Q

What can lead to torsades

A

Long QT syndromes

48
Q

What is the delta wave and what does it mean

A

It is a gradual slope up to the R wave in which the AV node is bypassed

49
Q

What can a prominent delta wave be linked to

A

Supraventricular tachycardia

50
Q

What is a first degree AV block

A

A prolonged PR interval that is benign and asymptomatic

51
Q

What is a type 1 second degree AV block

A

The PR interval is progressively lengthened until there a QRS is dropped

52
Q

What is a type 2 second degree AV block

A

Dropped beats that are not proceeded by a PR lengthening

53
Q

What is a third degree AV block called? What is it

A

Complete block; the A and V beat independently of eachother

54
Q

What is the difference between a STEMI and NSTEMI

A

STEMI affects full thickness of the heart; NSTEMI affects inner portions and has ST depression

CP Final (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions