Dubin

Question 1

What binds to β1 receptors in the heart

Answer 1

Norepinephrine

Question 2

What does NE binding to the heart do

Answer 2

Increase rate of SA node pacing
Increase rate of conduction
Increase force of contraction

Question 3

The parasympathetic system acts on the heart via what nerve and what receptor

Answer 3

Vagus; cholinergic

Question 4

The parasympathetic system does what to the heart

Answer 4

Decreases rate of SA node pacing
Decreases rate of contraction
Decreases force of contraction

Question 5

What receptor and system is responsible for constricting arteries

Answer 5

α1; sympathetic and it is more sensitive to NE

Question 6

What effect does the constriction of arteries have on blood? What is responsible

Answer 6

Blood flow and pressure increase; α1 receptors and sympathetic system

Question 7

What effect does vasodilation have on blood? What causes this

Answer 7

Decreases flow and pressure; parasympathetic system

Question 8

Carotid massage and gag reflex may stimulate what response

Answer 8

Parasympathetic

Question 9

Failure of sympathetic response to standing can cause what

Answer 9

Orthostatic hypotension followed by possible syncope

Question 10

What is neurocardiogenic syncope

Answer 10

Standing for too long can cause a sympathetic response in the elderly in which peripheral vasoconstriction is inadequate -> contracting ventricles that are not filled cause parasympathetic response -> arteries dilate and BP drops

Question 11

What can be used to confirm the diagnosis of neurocardiogenic syncope

Answer 11

HUT (head up tilt) test

Question 12

What is the normal pacemaker and where is it located

Answer 12

SA node; posterior RA

Question 13

What is normal HR? Above? Below?

Answer 13

60-100; tachycardia; bradycardia

Question 14

When the SA node fails to fire and another pacemaker takes over, what is this pacemaker called

Answer 14

Ectopic pacemaker (they are the latent pacemakers)

Question 15

Junctional pacemakers function at what rates

Answer 15

40-60 bpm

Question 16

Ventricular pacemakers function at what rate

Answer 16

20-40 bpm

Question 17

(Non SA nodal) atrial pacemakers function at what rate

Answer 17

60-80 bpm

Question 18

What is the order of pacemakers used by the body if the SA node fails

Answer 18

Atrial->Junctional->Ventricular

Question 19

“Sinus arrhythmia” is a normal but minimal increase in HR during ____________ and minimal decrease during ___________

Answer 19

Inspiration; expiration

Question 20

What are the 4 tracts that leave the SA node? Which go to the AV node

Answer 20

Posterior internodal, middle internodal, anterior internodal, and bachmans to the LA; posterior, middle, and anterior

Question 21

PR interval changes represent a change in what conduction area

Answer 21

Through the AV node

Question 22

Wandering pacemaker arrhythmia manifests as changes to

Answer 22

The shape and direction of the p wave and rate less than 100

Question 23

The multifocal atrial tachycardia is associated with changes in

Answer 23

P wave and a rate greater than 100

Question 24

What other diseases are associated with multifocal atrial tachycardia

Answer 24

Digitalis toxicity and COPD patients

Question 25

A-fib is shown by

Answer 25

Staticky periods between QRS complexes

Each atrial depolarization doesn’t necessarily lead to a QRS

Question 26

Where do we look for a LBBB

Answer 26

V5-6

Question 27

Where do we look for a RBBB

Answer 27

V1-2

Question 28

Significant Q wave is a sign of

Answer 28

Necrosis

Question 29

ST elevation is a sign of

Answer 29

Acute injury

Question 30

T wave inversion is a sign of

Answer 30

Ischemia

Question 31

Atrial hypertrophy is shown by

Answer 31

Biphasic P wave

R: initial component larger
L: final component larger

Question 32

Delta wave is a sign of

Answer 32

WPW syndrome

Question 33

RBBB is shown by

Answer 33

rSR’ in V1

qRs in V6

Question 34

LBBB is shown by

Answer 34

rS in V1

R in V6