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MD1 Endocrine > Regions of the Neck > Flashcards

Regions of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What do the spaces between the cylinders of the neck communicate with?

A

Mediastinum

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2
Q

What can travel in the spaces between the cylinders of the neck?

A

Infection

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3
Q

What is the anterior border of the neck?

A

Lower border of mandible down to manubrium

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4
Q

What is the posterior border of the neck?

A

Superior nuchal line to C7/T1 disc

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5
Q

How many cylindrical compartments of the neck are there?

A

4

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6
Q

Where is the vertebral compartment?

A

Posteriorly

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7
Q

What does the vertebral compartment contain?

A

Cervical vertebrae

Postural muscles

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8
Q

What is anterior to the vertebral compartment?

A

Visceral compartment

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9
Q

What does the visceral compartment contain?

A 
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Trachea
Oesophagus
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10
Q

What compartment is lateral?

A

Paired vascular compartments

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11
Q

What does the vascular compartment contain

A

Artery
Vein
Vagus nerve

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12
Q

What surrounds the cylinders?

A

Skin

Superficial fascia

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13
Q

What are the muscle fibres in the superficial fascia?

A

Of platysma muscle

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14
Q

With which muscles do the muscle fibres in the superficial fascia blend?

A

Muscles of facial expression

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15
Q

What is the nerve supply to the muscle fibres in the superficial fascia?

A

Cervical branch of CN VII

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16
Q

Where are the superficial veins of the vein located?

A

In superficial fascia

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17
Q

What is the route of the external jugular vein through the neck?

A

Comes from angle of mandible

Vertical descent over sternoclydomastoid

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18
Q

Where is the pair of anterior jugular veins located?

A

Either side of midline in neck

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19
Q

What do the external jugular and anterior jugular veins drain?

A

Superficial structures of neck

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20
Q

Where is the deep fascial layer of the neck?

A

Underneath superficial fascia

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21
Q

What is the deep fascia of the neck called?

A

Investing fascia

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22
Q

What does the investing fascia enclose?

A

Surrounds all of neck
Splits to enclose
- Sternoclydomastoid
- Trapezius

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23
Q

What fascia surrounds the vertebral compartment?

A

Prevertebral fascia

Buccopharyngeal fascia

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24
Q

Which fascia is the prevertebral fascia deep to?

A

Skin
Superficial fascia
Investing fascia

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25
Q

What fascia surrounds the visceral compartment?

A

Pretracheal fascia

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26
Q

What is the extent of the pretracheal fascia anteriorly?

A

As high as hyoid bone

As low as arch of aorta - blends in with adventitia of aorta

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27
Q

What structures does the pretracheal fascia surround?

A

Thyroid gland only

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28
Q

What closes off the visceral compartment posteriorly?

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia

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29
Q

What surrounds the vascular compartment?

A

Carotid sheath

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30
Q

Why is it useful to divide the neck into triangles?

A

For examination of neck

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31
Q

What are the major triangles making up the neck?

A

Anterior

Posterior

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32
Q

Where is the anterior triangle

A

In front of sternoclydomastoid
Below inferior border of mandible
Paired either side of midline

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33
Q

Where is the posterior triangle?

A

Behind sternoclydomastoid
In front of trapezius
Base made of medial third of clavicle

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34
Q

Which muscles are in the anterior triangle?

A

Suprahyoid

Infrahyoid

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35
Q

Where are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

In between hyoid and mandible

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36
Q

What do the suprahyoid muscles do?

A

Connect hyoid bone to skull
Make up floor of mouth
Elevate hyoid and larynx

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37
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles often called?

A

Strap muscles

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38
Q

What do the infrahyoid muscles do?

A

Anchor hyoid bone to sternum/clavicle
Except for omohyoid muscle - anchors hyoid bone to scapula
Depress hyoid and larynx

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39
Q

What is the innervation of the strap muscles?

A

Anterior rami of cervical nerves

40
Q

What are the arteries of the anterior triangle?

A

Carotid system

41
Q

Where does the common carotid artery split?

A

At level of C3/4 or superior border of thyroid cartilage

42
Q

What does the common carotid artery bifurcate into?

A

Internal carotid artery posteriorly

External carotid artery anteriorly

43
Q

Does the internal carotid artery give off any branches before entering the skull?

A

No, goes straight up

44
Q

What does the internal carotid artery contain?

A

Carotid sinus - has baroreceptors

Carotid body - has chemoreceptors

45
Q

Where does the external carotid artery divide?

A

Substance of parotid gland

46
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply?

A

External structures of skull

47
Q

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Maxillary artery

Superficial temporal artery

48
Q

How many branches are given off the anterior angle of the external carotid artery, and where do they come from?

A

6 branches

  • 3 off front
  • 2 off back
  • 1 deep
49
Q

Which artery is the first branch from the front of the external carotid artery?

A

Superior thyroid artery

50
Q

What does the superior thyroid artery supply?

A

Part of thyroid gland

51
Q

What is the route of the superior thyroid artery?

A

Turns down

Enters thyroid gland from above

52
Q

Which artery is the second branch from the front of the external carotid artery?

A

Lingual artery

53
Q

What is the route of the lingual artery?

A

Does little leap before heading into mouth

54
Q

Which artery is the third branch from the front of the external carotid artery?

A

Facial artery

55
Q

What is the route of the facial artery?

A

Winds over inferior border of mandible
Zigzag course over face
To medial corner of eye

56
Q

Of which muscle do the two posterior branches of the external carotid artery emerge from either side?

A

Digastric muscle

57
Q

What are the two posterior branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Posterior auricular artery

Occipital artery

58
Q

Where does the posterior auricular artery go?

A

Behind ear

59
Q

Where does the occipital artery go?

A

Posterior aspect of scalp over occipital bone

60
Q

Which artery is the deep branch of the external carotid artery?

A

Ascending pharyngeal artery

61
Q

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply?

A

Deep structures of neck

62
Q

What is the main vein of the anterior triangle?

A

Internal jugular vein

63
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein lie in relation to the carotid artery?

A

Lateral

64
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein start?

A

Jugular foramen

65
Q

What are the nerves of the anterior triangle?

A

CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII

66
Q

From where do CN IX, X, and XI exit the skull

A

With internal jugular vein from jugular foramen

67
Q

What is the route of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Turns forward towards oral cavity

68
Q

What is the route of the vagus nerve?

A

Descends vertically between carotid artery and internal jugular vein in carotid sheath

69
Q

What is the route of the accessory nerve?

A

Turns back
Passes beneath sternoclydomastoid
Enters posterior triangle

70
Q

What does CN XI innervate?

A

Sternoclydomastoid

Trapezius

71
Q

From where does CN XII emerge?

A

Hypoglossal canal

72
Q

What is the route of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Passes forward
Over artery
Heads to oral cavity

73
Q

What is the location of the thyroid gland?

A

2 lobes between upper border of thyroid cartilage above and 6th tracheal ring below
Isthmus between 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

74
Q

What proportion of people have an extra lobe of the thyroid gland?

A

50%

75
Q

What is the third lobe of the thyroid gland called?

A

Pyramidal lobe

76
Q

Where is the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland located?

A

Ascends up from isthmus

77
Q

Why does the thyroid gland elevate with swallowing?

A

Pretracheal fascia surrounds thyroid
Pretracheal fascia attached to hyoid bone above
Swallow > hyoid bone elevates

78
Q

How do you identify if a lump in the neck is part of the thyroid?

A

Swallow > doesn’t move up > outside thyroid gland

79
Q

Which muscles is the thyroid gland deep to?

A

Strap msucles

80
Q

To which structures are the lobes of the thyroid gland lateral?

A

Trachea

Oesophagus

81
Q

Do the lobes of the thyroid gland overlap the carotid sheath?

A

Yes

82
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Embedded into posterior aspect of thyroid gland

83
Q

Where is the recurrent laryngeal nerve located?

A

Embedded into posterior aspect of pretracheal fascia

84
Q

What can an enlargement of the thyroid gland affect?

A

Trachea pushed across midline
Oesophagus pushed across midline
Can compress trachea if big enough
Internal jugular veins

85
Q

What can people present with if they have an enlargement of the thyroid gland that’s compressing the trachea?

A

Stridor

Other symptoms of respiratory obstruction

86
Q

What can people present with if they have an enlargement of the thyroid gland that’s compressing the oesophagus?

A

Dysphagia

87
Q

What can people present with if they have an enlargement of the thyroid gland that’s compressing the internal jugular veins?

A

Massively distended neck veins

88
Q

What are the arteries supplying the thyroid gland?

A

Pair of superior thyroid arteries from above
Pair of inferior thyroid arteries from below
In 10%, have 1 thyroid ima artery along isthmus

89
Q

What is the superior thyroid artery a branch of?

A

External carotid artery

90
Q

What is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of?

A

Subclavian artery > thyrocervical artery

91
Q

What is the thyroid ima artery a branch of?

A

Arch of aorta/one of its branches

92
Q

What are the veins of the thyroid gland?

A

3 pairs

  • Superior thyroid
  • Middle thyroid
  • Inferior thyroid
93
Q

How does the thyroid gland develop?

A

As outgrowth from embryonic pharyngeal branch

Descends down to final place

94
Q

What can happen if tissue is left by the thyroid gland during its descent in development?

A

Tissue can be active/hyperactive > hyperthyroidism

95
Q

What is the structure of the parathyroid glands?

A

Size of pea
On back of lobes of thyroid
Have superior and inferior glands
Especially inferior ones, can be variable in position

MD1 Endocrine (18 decks)

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