Regions of the Neck Flashcards
1
Q
What do the spaces between the cylinders of the neck communicate with?
A
Mediastinum
2
Q
What can travel in the spaces between the cylinders of the neck?
A
Infection
3
Q
What is the anterior border of the neck?
A
Lower border of mandible down to manubrium
4
Q
What is the posterior border of the neck?
A
Superior nuchal line to C7/T1 disc
5
Q
How many cylindrical compartments of the neck are there?
A
4
6
Q
Where is the vertebral compartment?
A
Posteriorly
7
Q
What does the vertebral compartment contain?
A
Cervical vertebrae
Postural muscles
8
Q
What is anterior to the vertebral compartment?
A
Visceral compartment
9
Q
What does the visceral compartment contain?
A
Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus Trachea Oesophagus
10
Q
What compartment is lateral?
A
Paired vascular compartments
11
Q
What does the vascular compartment contain
A
Artery
Vein
Vagus nerve
12
Q
What surrounds the cylinders?
A
Skin
Superficial fascia
13
Q
What are the muscle fibres in the superficial fascia?
A
Of platysma muscle
14
Q
With which muscles do the muscle fibres in the superficial fascia blend?
A
Muscles of facial expression
15
Q
What is the nerve supply to the muscle fibres in the superficial fascia?
A
Cervical branch of CN VII
16
Q
Where are the superficial veins of the vein located?
A
In superficial fascia
17
Q
What is the route of the external jugular vein through the neck?
A
Comes from angle of mandible
Vertical descent over sternoclydomastoid
18
Q
Where is the pair of anterior jugular veins located?
A
Either side of midline in neck
19
Q
What do the external jugular and anterior jugular veins drain?
A
Superficial structures of neck
20
Q
Where is the deep fascial layer of the neck?
A
Underneath superficial fascia
21
Q
What is the deep fascia of the neck called?
A
Investing fascia
22
Q
What does the investing fascia enclose?
A
Surrounds all of neck
Splits to enclose
- Sternoclydomastoid
- Trapezius
23
Q
What fascia surrounds the vertebral compartment?
A
Prevertebral fascia
Buccopharyngeal fascia
24
Q
Which fascia is the prevertebral fascia deep to?
A
Skin
Superficial fascia
Investing fascia
25
What fascia surrounds the visceral compartment?
Pretracheal fascia
26
What is the extent of the pretracheal fascia anteriorly?
As high as hyoid bone
| As low as arch of aorta - blends in with adventitia of aorta
27
What structures does the pretracheal fascia surround?
Thyroid gland only
28
What closes off the visceral compartment posteriorly?
Buccopharyngeal fascia
29
What surrounds the vascular compartment?
Carotid sheath
30
Why is it useful to divide the neck into triangles?
For examination of neck
31
What are the major triangles making up the neck?
Anterior
| Posterior
32
Where is the anterior triangle
In front of sternoclydomastoid
Below inferior border of mandible
Paired either side of midline
33
Where is the posterior triangle?
Behind sternoclydomastoid
In front of trapezius
Base made of medial third of clavicle
34
Which muscles are in the anterior triangle?
Suprahyoid
| Infrahyoid
35
Where are the suprahyoid muscles?
In between hyoid and mandible
36
What do the suprahyoid muscles do?
Connect hyoid bone to skull
Make up floor of mouth
Elevate hyoid and larynx
37
What are the infrahyoid muscles often called?
Strap muscles
38
What do the infrahyoid muscles do?
Anchor hyoid bone to sternum/clavicle
Except for omohyoid muscle - anchors hyoid bone to scapula
Depress hyoid and larynx
39
What is the innervation of the strap muscles?
Anterior rami of cervical nerves
40
What are the arteries of the anterior triangle?
Carotid system
41
Where does the common carotid artery split?
At level of C3/4 or superior border of thyroid cartilage
42
What does the common carotid artery bifurcate into?
Internal carotid artery posteriorly
| External carotid artery anteriorly
43
Does the internal carotid artery give off any branches before entering the skull?
No, goes straight up
44
What does the internal carotid artery contain?
Carotid sinus - has baroreceptors
| Carotid body - has chemoreceptors
45
Where does the external carotid artery divide?
Substance of parotid gland
46
What does the external carotid artery supply?
External structures of skull
47
What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
Maxillary artery
| Superficial temporal artery
48
How many branches are given off the anterior angle of the external carotid artery, and where do they come from?
6 branches
- 3 off front
- 2 off back
- 1 deep
49
Which artery is the first branch from the front of the external carotid artery?
Superior thyroid artery
50
What does the superior thyroid artery supply?
Part of thyroid gland
51
What is the route of the superior thyroid artery?
Turns down
| Enters thyroid gland from above
52
Which artery is the second branch from the front of the external carotid artery?
Lingual artery
53
What is the route of the lingual artery?
Does little leap before heading into mouth
54
Which artery is the third branch from the front of the external carotid artery?
Facial artery
55
What is the route of the facial artery?
Winds over inferior border of mandible
Zigzag course over face
To medial corner of eye
56
Of which muscle do the two posterior branches of the external carotid artery emerge from either side?
Digastric muscle
57
What are the two posterior branches of the external carotid artery?
Posterior auricular artery
| Occipital artery
58
Where does the posterior auricular artery go?
Behind ear
59
Where does the occipital artery go?
Posterior aspect of scalp over occipital bone
60
Which artery is the deep branch of the external carotid artery?
Ascending pharyngeal artery
61
What does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply?
Deep structures of neck
62
What is the main vein of the anterior triangle?
Internal jugular vein
63
Where does the internal jugular vein lie in relation to the carotid artery?
Lateral
64
Where does the internal jugular vein start?
Jugular foramen
65
What are the nerves of the anterior triangle?
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII
66
From where do CN IX, X, and XI exit the skull
With internal jugular vein from jugular foramen
67
What is the route of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Turns forward towards oral cavity
68
What is the route of the vagus nerve?
Descends vertically between carotid artery and internal jugular vein in carotid sheath
69
What is the route of the accessory nerve?
Turns back
Passes beneath sternoclydomastoid
Enters posterior triangle
70
What does CN XI innervate?
Sternoclydomastoid
| Trapezius
71
From where does CN XII emerge?
Hypoglossal canal
72
What is the route of the hypoglossal nerve?
Passes forward
Over artery
Heads to oral cavity
73
What is the location of the thyroid gland?
2 lobes between upper border of thyroid cartilage above and 6th tracheal ring below
Isthmus between 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
74
What proportion of people have an extra lobe of the thyroid gland?
50%
75
What is the third lobe of the thyroid gland called?
Pyramidal lobe
76
Where is the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland located?
Ascends up from isthmus
77
Why does the thyroid gland elevate with swallowing?
Pretracheal fascia surrounds thyroid
Pretracheal fascia attached to hyoid bone above
Swallow > hyoid bone elevates
78
How do you identify if a lump in the neck is part of the thyroid?
Swallow > doesn't move up > outside thyroid gland
79
Which muscles is the thyroid gland deep to?
Strap msucles
80
To which structures are the lobes of the thyroid gland lateral?
Trachea
| Oesophagus
81
Do the lobes of the thyroid gland overlap the carotid sheath?
Yes
82
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Embedded into posterior aspect of thyroid gland
83
Where is the recurrent laryngeal nerve located?
Embedded into posterior aspect of pretracheal fascia
84
What can an enlargement of the thyroid gland affect?
Trachea pushed across midline
Oesophagus pushed across midline
Can compress trachea if big enough
Internal jugular veins
85
What can people present with if they have an enlargement of the thyroid gland that's compressing the trachea?
Stridor
| Other symptoms of respiratory obstruction
86
What can people present with if they have an enlargement of the thyroid gland that's compressing the oesophagus?
Dysphagia
87
What can people present with if they have an enlargement of the thyroid gland that's compressing the internal jugular veins?
Massively distended neck veins
88
What are the arteries supplying the thyroid gland?
Pair of superior thyroid arteries from above
Pair of inferior thyroid arteries from below
In 10%, have 1 thyroid ima artery along isthmus
89
What is the superior thyroid artery a branch of?
External carotid artery
90
What is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of?
Subclavian artery > thyrocervical artery
91
What is the thyroid ima artery a branch of?
Arch of aorta/one of its branches
92
What are the veins of the thyroid gland?
3 pairs
- Superior thyroid
- Middle thyroid
- Inferior thyroid
93
How does the thyroid gland develop?
As outgrowth from embryonic pharyngeal branch
| Descends down to final place
94
What can happen if tissue is left by the thyroid gland during its descent in development?
Tissue can be active/hyperactive > hyperthyroidism
95
What is the structure of the parathyroid glands?
Size of pea
On back of lobes of thyroid
Have superior and inferior glands
Especially inferior ones, can be variable in position
