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MD1 Endocrine > Endocrine Control Review > Flashcards

Endocrine Control Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Study of homeostatic mechanisms controlled by hormones

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2
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Blood-borne chemical mediator released from endocrine glands > act on distant target cells

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3
Q

What must a target cell have to respond to a hormone?

A

Receptor for that hormone

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4
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of anatomical arrangement

A

Nervous system: wired system

Endocrine system: wireless system

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5
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of the type of chemical messenger

A

Nervous system: neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft
Endocrine system: hormones released into blood

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6
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of the distance of action of chemical messenger

A

Nervous system: very short distance

Endocrine system: long distance

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7
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of the means of specificity of action on target cells

A

Nervous system: dependent on close anatomical relationship

Endocrine: dependent on specificity of target cell binding

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8
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of speed of response

A

Nervous system: rapid

Endocrine system: slow

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9
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of duration of action

A

Nervous system: brief

Endocrine system: long

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10
Q

Do endocrine glands only produce one hormone?

A

No, may produce multiple

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11
Q

Are hormones produced by only one endocrine gland?

A

No, may be produced by multiple

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12
Q

Can hormones have more than one target and function?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Can a single cell/organ be influenced by more than one hormone?

A

Yes

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14
Q

can the same chemical messenger be both a hormone and neurotransmitter?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are autocrine signals?

A

Act on same cell that secreted them

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16
Q

What are autocrine signals for?

A

Self-regulation

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17
Q

What are paracrine signals?

A

Secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells

18
Q

What are paracrine signals for?

A

Response propagation

19
Q

What kinds of permeability/solubility do hormones have?

A 
Lipophilic = hydrophobic
Hydrophilic = lipophobic
20
Q

What is a neurohormone?

A

Neurocrine secreted into bloodstream

21
Q

What are the major groups of neurohormone systems?

A

Hypothalamus > anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus > posterior pituitary
Catecholamines made by modified adrenal medulla neurons

22
Q

What is a trophic hormone?

A

Controls secretion of another hormone

23
Q

What is the mechanism of action of peptide hormones and catecholamines?

A

Bind to surface receptors
Generate intracellular 2nd messenger signal
Hydrophilic = lipophobic

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?

A

Alter gene expression and production of new proteins
Takes time
Lipophilic = hydrophobic

25
Q

What hormone group do thyroid hormones behave like?

A

Steroids

26
Q

What influences plasma hormone concentration?

A

Rate of secretion by endocrine gland = major factor
Rate of metabolic activation - for few
Extent of binding to plasma proteins - for lipophilic
Rate of metabolic inactivation and excretion

27
Q

How are hormones generally removed?

A

Liver > kidney > urine

28
Q

How are steroid hormones removed?

A

Conjugation > urine (and bile)

29
Q

How are amines removed?

A

Specific circulating degrading enzymes

30
Q

How are large peptides removed?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

31
Q

How are smaller peptides removed?

A

Kidneys

32
Q

What is the long loop of negative feedback control?

A

Hormone acts on hypothalamus and pituitary to decrease secretion of trophic hormone

33
Q

What is the short loop of negative feedback control?

A

Anterior pituitary acts on hypothalamus to decrease secretion of trophic hormone

34
Q

Which is more common in negative feedback control: long loop, or short loop?

A

Long loop

35
Q

What regulates hormone secretion?

A 
Neuroendocrine reflexes
Feedback
Diurnal and circadian rhythms
- Pineal gland
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Down-regulation of receptors
- Endocytosis
- Target cell desensitisation
Antagonism
Synergy
Permissive
36
Q

What is permissive in regulation of hormone secretion?

A

First hormone can’t exert effects without presence of second hormone

37
Q

What can cause decreased hormone activity?

A

Hyposecretion
Increased removal from blood
Abnormal tissue response

38
Q

What can cause increased hormone activity?

A

Hypersecretion
Decreased plasma protein binding
Decreased removal from blood

39
Q

What can cause hyposecretion?

A 
Primary = gland abnormal
Secondary = abnormal trophic hormone
40
Q

What can cause hypersecretion?

A 
Primary = gland abnormal
Secondary = excessive stimulation
41
Q

What can cause an abnormal tissue response, leading to decreased hormone secretion?

A

Lack of receptors

Lack of enzyme for cell response

42
Q

What can cause decreased removal from the blood, leading to increased hormone secretion?

A

Damaged liver and kidneys

  • Decreased inactivation
  • Decreased excretion

MD1 Endocrine (18 decks)

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