Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD1 Endocrine > Bones and Joints of the Neck > Flashcards

Bones and Joints of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general shape of the neck?

A

Cylinder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the neck link together?

A

Head above

Thorax below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What parts of the body does the neck communicate with?

A

Back

Upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the neck communicate with the upper limb?

A

Brachial plexus

Subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three Vs of the neck?

A

Vertebral column
Visceral column
Vascular column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

Large mass of muscle around vertebrae

In gutter between transverse and spinous processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the muscle group called in the vertebral column?

A

Post-vertebral muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the post-vertebral muscles?

A

Maintain position of head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the neck?

A

Sternoclydomastoid

Trapezius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the attachments of the three scalene muscles?

A

Transverse process

Top 2 ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the scalene muscles?

A

Accessory muscles of respiration > lift ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Compared to the post-vertebral muscles, how do the pre-vertebral muscles differ in size and number?

A

Smaller

Fewer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is in the visceral cylinder?

A

Trachea
Oesophagus
Thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which nerve is the visceral cylinder associated with?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the fascia around the sternoclydomastoid and trapezius?

A

Investing layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What structure is formed when the fascia around the trapezius fuses to the spinous process?

A

Nuchal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the fascia surrounding the thyroid called?

A

Pre-tracheal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the vascular cylinder located?

A

Laterally on either side of visceral cylinder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is in the vascular cylinder?

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve behind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is the fascia around the internal jugular vein thinner or thicker than that around the common carotid artery?

A

Thinner, because veins stretch with increases in blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is the internal jugular vein inside or outside the carotid sheath?

A

Outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What fascia surrounds the pre-vertebral muscles?

A

Pre-vertebral layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is created between the various fascia of the neck?

A

Vertical potential spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can track along the potential spaces between the fascia of the neck?

A

Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the five regions of the neck?

A 
Posterior
1. Back of neck/vertebral region
2. Posterior triangle
3. Sternomastoid region
Anterior
4. Anterior triangle
5. Root of neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What makes up the vertebral region of the neck?

A

Vertebrae

Post-vertebral muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Apex = mastoid process
Posterior border = trapezius
Anterior border = sternoclydomastoid
Base = clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?

A

Sternomastoid region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is deep to the sternoclydomastoid?

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Lacerations to muscle can damage vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which nerve comes out of the posterior border of the sternoclydomastoid muscle to innervate the trapezius?

A

CN XI = accessory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which area of the neck communicates with the thorax?

A
  1. Root of neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What passes through the root of the neck?

A

Major vessels pass up to head/down to upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many vertebrae make up the cervical spine?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why is the trachea surrounded by a series of incomplete rings of cartilage?

A

To maintain lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the Adam’s apple?

A

Angle of thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the hyoid bone provide attachments for?

A

Supra- and infra-hyoid muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the function of thee supra- and infra-hyoid muscles?

A

Muscles of floor of mouth

Muscles continuing to sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the shape of the a neonate’s spine?

A

C shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where are the primary curves maintained in the spine?

A

Thoracic

Sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When does the secondary lordosis in the cervical spine start to develop?

A

At 6 months, when baby starts to be able to support head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When does the cervical spine start to deteriorate and why?

A

In older age because of degenerative processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the function of post-vertebral muscles?

A

Resist gravity
Extend head on neck
Extend cervical spine
Help maintain cervical lordosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where is the centre of gravity of the head?

A

Pituitary fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where is the axis of rotation of the head?

A

Occipital condyles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How do degenerative changes in the post-vertebral muscles contribute to a change in posture?

A

Degenerative change > loss of tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

At what angle are the pedicels to the body of the cervical vertebra?

A

45 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Compared to vertebrae in other areas of the spine, what is the size of the cervical vertebral body?

A

Quite small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the lip projecting upwards on the lateral margins of the body of vertebrae C3 to C6?

A

Uncinate process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the function of the uncinate process?

A

Encapsulates intervertebral discs to some extent
Keeps range of cervical spine primarily in sagittal plane
Partly aids in flexion and extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the association between uncinate processes and degeneration of the cervical spine?

A

Irritates associated structures

51
Q

What is the shape and size of the vertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Large

Triangular

52
Q

What is the foramen in the transverse process of the cervical vertebra called?

A

Transverse foramen

53
Q

What runs in the transverse foramina of C6 to C1?

A

Vertebral artery

54
Q

What does the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae terminate in?

A

Anterior tubercle
Posterior tubercle
Intertubercular bar

55
Q

What do the anterior and posterior tubercles, and intertubercular bar make together?

A

Costal element of cervical vertebra

56
Q

What part of the rib does the anterior tubercle correspond to?

A

Head of rib

57
Q

What part of the rib does the intertubercular bar correspond to?

A

Neck of rib

58
Q

What part of the rib does the posterior tubercle correspond to?

A

Tubercle of rib

59
Q

In what direction do the intervertebral foramina exit?

A

Obliquely rather than laterally

60
Q

What attaches to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Many post-vertebral muscles

Ligaments

61
Q

How is the surface area of the spinous processes increased?

A

Tip split = bifid

62
Q

Which cervical vertebra doesn’t have a bifid spinous process?

A

C7

63
Q

What is the name of C7’s very long spinous process?

A

Vertebra prominens

64
Q

Why are the transverse foramina of C7 small?

A

Because vertebral artery enters at C6

65
Q

In some variations, where can the vertebral artery enter they spine?

A

C5 or even C4

66
Q

What is the carotid tubercle?

A

Slightly larger anterior tubercle of C6

67
Q

What can happen at the anterior tubercle?

A

Can compress carotid artery here > decrease flow to head

68
Q

What are the scalene muscles?

A

Scalenus anterior
Scalenus medius
Scalenus posterior

69
Q

What are the attachments of scalenus anterior?

A

Anterior tubercle of transverse process

1st rib

70
Q

What are the attachments of scalenus medius?

A

Posterior tubercle of transverse process

1st rib

71
Q

What are the attachments of scalenus posterior?

A

Posterior tubercle of transverse process

2nd rib

72
Q

What emerges between scalenus anterior and medius?

A

Brachial plexus

Subclavian artery

73
Q

Where does the vertebral column show variations?

A

At transitional regions

74
Q

What happens in cranial shift at the cervico-thoracic region?

A

Cervical rib

Occipitalisation of atlas

75
Q

What are the features of the cervical rib?

A

Quite short usually
Rarely see entire bone coming down towards sternum
More commonly fibrous band closes circle

76
Q

What structures can be endangered by the cervical rib?

A

Lower trunk of brachial plexus
- Present with ulnar nerve type issues
- Loss of sensation in C8 and T1 dermatomes
Some obstruction of subclavian artery less common

77
Q

What are the features of occipitalisation of the atlas?

A

Rarely complete

Usually anterior part fuses with anterior aspect of foramen magnum

78
Q

What are the atypical cervical vertebrae?

A 
C1 = atlas
C2 = axis
79
Q

What are the features of the atlas?

A

Essentially ring of bone
Doesn’t have body
Has no intervertebral discs above or below
Instead has space for body of axis
Anterior and posterior arches
Facet for dens
Groove for vertebral artery and C1 dorsal ramus
Saucer-shaped upper surfaces for occipital condyles
Long transverse process

80
Q

What do the occipital condyles of the atlas allow?

A

Nodding movements

81
Q

Does the atlas have a spinous process?

A

No

82
Q

Is there any rotation between the atlas and the skull?

A

No

83
Q

What are the features of the axis?

A

Body = dens = odontoid process
Surfaces on dens for articulation with anterior arch of atlas
Strong spinous process

84
Q

What structures are the uncinate processes modified into in the atlas and axis?

A

Anterior arch of atlas

Much more anterior facets

85
Q

Why is the spinous process of C2 so big?

A

Powerful muscles attach here, including erector spinae

86
Q

What does erector spinae do to C2?

A

Anchors C2 > allows head and C1 to rotate

87
Q

What are important bony landmarks of arteries in the neck?

A

Carotid artery can be compresses against anterior tubercle of C6 = carotid tubercle
Bifurcation of common carotid artery at C4
Vertebral artery travels in transverse foraminae from C6-C1

88
Q

Compared to the rest of the spinal cord, what is the size and orientation of the nerve roots in the cervical spine?

A

Short

Horizontal

89
Q

Where do the nerve roots pass at C1 and C2?

A

Behind facet joint

90
Q

Where do the nerve roots pass at C3-C7?

A

Between facet joint and transverse foramen

91
Q

What do osteophytic outgrowths as a result of ageing affect?

A

Nerve root

Potentially vertebral artery

92
Q

What are the inferior joints (C2-C7)?

A

Intervertebral discs

Facet joints

93
Q

What are the superior (suboccipital) joints?

A

Atlanto-occipital between head and C1

Atlanto-axial between C1 and C2

94
Q

What are the features of the intervertebral discs of the cervical spine?

A

Thick
Central nucleus
Form cervical lordosis
Annulus and nucleus like with lumbar discs
Relatively largest throughout vertebral column

95
Q

What do the intervertebral discs prevent in the cervical spine?

A

Forward slip

Rotation

96
Q

What are the intervertebral discs protected by to some extent?

A

Uncinate processes

97
Q

What is the joint between the intervertebral discs and the uncinate process called?

A

Uncovertebral joint/joint of Luschka

98
Q

What do the uncinate processes do to the intervertebral discs?

A

Keep intervertebral discs in position

Limit rotation

99
Q

Can prolapse occur in the cervical spine, and why?

A

Yes, because of degeneration

100
Q

Is prolapse in the cervical or lumbar spine more common, and why?

A

Lumbar spine due to structure and loading

101
Q

Why does prolapse in the cervical spine usually occur?

A

Trauma related to flexion and extension with rotation

102
Q

What can a prolapse in the cervical spine affect?

A

Impinge on cord and possibly nerve roots in vertebral canal

103
Q

What kind of joint are facet joints?

A

Plane synovial joints

104
Q

What is the capsule of the facet joints innervated by?

A

Posterior rami

105
Q

What is the orientation of the facet joints?

A

45 degrees between coronal and horizontal planes

106
Q

What movement do the facet joints allow?

A

Flexion and extension with rotation

- Orientation means you get lateral flexion with rotation

107
Q

In what type of injury can you get injury to the facet joints?

A

Whiplash injury = acceleration of head in antero/posterior direction

108
Q

What injury happens to the facet joints during hyper-extension in whiplash injury?

A

Articular surfaces become impacted
Damage to cartilage
Possible fracture of bone

109
Q

What injury happens to the facet joints during hyper-flexion in whiplash injury?

A

Stretch of capsule and longitudinal ligaments

110
Q

What are the atlanto-occipital joints?

A

2 lateral synovial joints between occipital condyles and upper facets on atlas

111
Q

What movement do the atlanto-occipital joints allow?

A

Flexion and extension

About 15-20 degrees

112
Q

What are the atlanto-axial joints?

A

3 synovial joints specialised for rotation
Median pivot joint between dens of C2 and anterior arch of atlas
Bursa between transverse ligament and dens
2 lateral facet joints

113
Q

What movement do the atlanto-axial joints allow?

A

~50% of rotation of cervical spine

Rotation accompanied by lateral flexion

114
Q

Where is the transverse ligament in the axis?

A

Across back of dens

115
Q

What is the function of the transverse ligament in the axis?

A

Maintains position of dens against anterior facet

Permits dens 3-4 mm of antero-posterior movement

116
Q

What can damage to the transverse ligament in the axis result in?

A

Dens moves back > touches spinal cord

117
Q

What is the cruciform ligament?

A

Has vertical and transverse (most important) bands to stabilise dens

118
Q

What are the alar ligaments?

A

Go up side of dens

Check range of rotation of atlas around dens

119
Q

When are the alar ligaments susceptible to injury?

A

When head flexed and rotated and muscles relaxed

120
Q

Why shouldn’t people with rheumatoid arthritis have their head manipulated by physiotherapists and chiropracters?

A

Cruciform and alar ligaments lax > danger that dens will move posteriorly

121
Q

What are the effects of ageing on the cervical spine?

A

Water content of nucleus reduces
Range of movement decreases
Cervical discs degenerate earlier than lumbar
Compression of anterior vertebral body > vertebral wedging > reduced lordosis
Osteophytes can develop from uncinate processes and facet surfaces > narrowing of space for cervical spinal cord > irritate nerve roots and possibly occlude vertebral artery

122
Q

In what direction is the cervical spine particularly susceptible?

A

Anterio-posterior direction

123
Q

What is the hangman’s fracture?

A

Pars fracture of C2

124
Q

What is Jefferson’s fracture?

A

Fall onto top of skull > bilateral fracture of anterior arch and pedicle

MD1 Endocrine (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions