Infant and Childhood Development Flashcards
When looking at appropriate behaviour, what do you need to consider?
Appropriate for
- Age?
- Context?
What is enuresis?
Involuntary urination, especially by child at night
Is unproblematic behaviour concerning?
Yes
What are developmental tasks?
Tasks at each stage of development = stage salient issues, that must be confronted and mastered
What influences future adaptation?
Whether developmental tasks resolved in adaptive/maladaptive way
What are the developmental tasks of infancy?
Forming secure attachment with caregiver(s) Physiological regulation Learning to - Sit - Crawl - Stand - Walk - Grasp Differentiation of self from environment
When does differentiation of self from the environment occur?
18-24 months
When is early childhood?
3-5 years
What are the developmental tasks of early childhood?
Learning to - Run - Climb stairs - Draw Toilet training Self-control and compliance Functional language Social play
What are the developmental tasks of middle childhood?
Behaviour according to others’ rules and expectations
Learning academic skills
Developing interests/skills/competence in other domains
Initiating and maintaining friendships
Where do developmental changes in cognition occur?
Language Knowledge Memory Reasoning Planning
Where do developmental changes in sociality occur?
Understanding self
Understanding others
Reasoning about moral dilemmas
How does the nature of social interactions change across childhood?
Family to peers
Where do developmental changes in emotion occur?
Emotion language
Emotion knowledge
Emotional recognition
Emotion regulation
What are complications with mental health in children and adolescents?
Often not self-reported
Same disorder may present differently at different ages
What are the risk factors influencing the mental health of children?
Poverty Harsh/inconsistent parenting Family violence Other trauma exposure Single parent family Parental mental health
What are the protective factors influencing the mental health of children?
Easy temperament
Positive stable relationship with adult other than parents
High intelligence
Positive parenting
Is parental distress higher or lower than children’s distress?
Same as, or even higher
How can inadequate understanding of illness impact adjustment to it?
Increase anxiety
Impact on adherence
What can illness interfere with in terms of developmental tasks?
Interfere with their achievement
How do infants and toddlers understand illness?
Motor and sensory exploration prominent Limitations in verbal expression Struggle with logical explanations Limited understanding of illness > understand what affects them directly Non-verbal communication important
How do preschoolers understand illness?
Think in literal, concrete, egocentric terms
Developments in independence, curiosity, and language
Illness understood as contagion/contamination
How do children in primary school understand illness?
Developments in logical thinking and abstract reasoning
Understand cause of disease beyond contagion
Peers of increasing importance
Simple analogies and hypothetical examples can be understood
How do adolescents understand illness?
More advanced reasoning and problem-solving skills
Regulation of emotion and behaviour still developing
Peers and identity formation
How do children often communicate: verbally or non-verbally?
Non-verbally
