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Global Politics > Regionalism > Flashcards

Regionalism Flashcards

1
Q

Regionalism

A

Process by which greater collective action and closer relations are established between nation states within the same geographical location

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2
Q

Economic Regionalism + example

A

Process by which nation states within the same geographical location eliminate or reduce custome barriers between them, creating a free-trade area and encouraging regional trade and investment

E.g NAFTA, RCEP

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3
Q

Political Regionalism + example

A

Process by which nation states in a similar area that share similar political and cultural beliefs decide they can exert greater diplomatic influence by cooperating.

E.g Afrian Union, Arab League

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4
Q

Security Regionalism + example

A

Process by which nation sates within a similar area work closely together and increase trust between them, engaging with crisis management together and providing peace-keepers for one another, thus reducing risk of conflict.

E.g ASEAN, OSCE

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5
Q

African Union - Trade (ACFTA)

A

Established African Continental Free Trade Area
Designed to increase intra-African trade by 60% by 2022

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6
Q

NAFTA - Strength examples

A

Created free trade area by eliminating tariffs
Created approximately 5m jobs
2015 - trade amounted to $1.14 trillion
Increased US economic growth by 0.5% per annum

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7
Q

NAFTA - Weakness examples

A

Led to 500,000-700,000 job losses in US
30% of Mexico’s workforce became employed in substandard conditions

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8
Q

African Union (2002) - Economic strength examples

A

African Continental Free Trade Area (ACFTA) -designed to increase intra-African trade by 60% by 2022

Guided Trade Initiative (2022) eight member states allowed a small number of goods to be traded without tariff restrictions

EU-AU Joint invstment deal worth 150bn euros in 2022

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9
Q

African Union (2002) - Political strength examples

A

ASF: African Standby Force
-Never been deployed due to difficulties of deploying it

Peace and Security Council prevents and resolves conflicts in Africa
-E.g 2019 Sudan was suspended to make the government transition to a democracy

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10
Q

Arab League (1945)

A

Focuses on political and security issues, having no supranational governing institutions and its focus is to represent and coordinate the interests of Arab states in international affairs

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11
Q

Arab League example - Libya

A

2011 Libya suspended from memberhip in response to Gaddafi’s suppression of the opposition.
AL supporter the UN’s decision to authorise air strikes.

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12
Q

Arab League example - Syria

A

Suspended from the league for Assad’s brutal repression of pro democracy demonstrations

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13
Q

Arab League Strength example - Saudi Arabia

A

Supported Saudi Arabia’s intervention in Yemen against Houthi rebels
In 2015, a Joint Arab Force was established to counter extremism and terrorism in the region

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14
Q

Arab League - Weaknesses

A

Lacks peacekeeping function - allowed violence to continue in Middle East

Difficult for it to take united action as there are many differences between member states, none are compelled to obey decisions

Decisions only bind those states that accept them

‘Debating society’ - little practical initative to resolve conflicts in Libya or Syria

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15
Q

African Union Weakness - Protecting Heads of State

A

2010 Declared it wouldn’t cooperate with ICC to arrest Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir - ICC held them responsible for genocide in Darfur

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16
Q

Association of Southeast Asian Nations -ASEAN (1967)

A

Security objective of encouraging cooperation between member states and presenting a unified response to collective problems e.g drug smuggling

Negotiated free-trade agreements
Introduced visa free tavel

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17
Q

ASEAN Weakness - Myanmar

A

2021 - Ineffectively handled the Ronhingya crisis in Myanmar
-Due to its strict adherence to the principle of non-interference in member states’ internal affairs.

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18
Q

ASEAN Weakness - China

A

Failed to establish a coordinated response to Chinese territorial claims in the South China Sea due to split in their membership
E.g Cambodia, Laos side with China
E.g Malaysia, Singapore, side with USA

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19
Q

ASEAN Strength - Free trade

A

Negotiated free trade agreements with:
China
India
South Korea
Japan

100% of goods traded between ASEAN members are free of tariffs

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20
Q

ASEAN Strength - Labour force

A

3rd largest in world

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21
Q

ASEAN Strength - Economic Growth

A

2017 - Economy grew at 5.2% per annum

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22
Q

EU - The Commission

A

Recommends legislation
27 commissioners appointed and represent the interests of Europe rather than their own state

23
Q

EU - The European Council

A

Comprises the heads of all the EU governments.
Meets 4 times a year and drives forward direction of EU
EU leaders can exercise the veto on proposals that threaten their national interest.

E.g In 2013, Cameron vetoed an update to the Treaty of Lisbon meaning that the remaining members went ahead with the treaty and the UK was exempt from its requirements.

24
Q

EU - The Parliament

A

Only directly elected body
Scrutinise legislation through committees

25
Q

EU - European Court of Justice (ECJ)

A

Oversees the correct application and implementation of EU law

26
Q

Maastrict Treaty (1993)

A

Aimed to advance EU political and Monetary union

  1. Replaced the EEC with the EU
  2. Established the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CSFP)
  3. Committed the EU to a monetary union, which became operational in 2002
27
Q

Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)

A
  1. Laid down the framework for the accession of 10 new states
  2. Created a High Representative to take overall responsibility for EU foreign affairs
  3. Expanded QMV(Qualified Majority Voting) on Council of Ministers
28
Q

Lisbon Treaty (2009)

A
  1. Provided EU with full legal rights to join intergovernmental organisations and negotiate international treaties
  2. Creating the permanent role of President of the European Council to develop and coordinate EU foreign policy
  3. Creating the permanent roles of High Commissioner for Foreign and Security Policy
29
Q

Arguments against EU membership eroding state sovereignty

A
  1. Council of minsiters still hold veto
  2. EU Council has veto
  3. Lisbon treaty allows members to leave e.g UK
30
Q

% of people supporting eurozone

A

75%

31
Q

Eurozone

A

Currency union of 20 EU states, all adopting the Euro

32
Q

Advantages of Eurozone

A
  1. Eliminated costs of exchange rate fluctuations - protecting business and consumers from costly swings in currency markets
  2. Improved the ease with which prices can be compared between countries
  3. Makes the EU a more attractive area to do business with
33
Q

Intergovernmentalism

A

Process by which decisions are reached btween nation states, rather than being imposed on them from above

34
Q

Supranationalism

A

Refers to the process by which decisions are taken by institutions above the nation state.
These institutions possess the authority to enforce obedience from the nation state

35
Q

2021 EU Defence spending

A

214 bn euros

36
Q

European Commission example law

A

Enshrined the quality of bathing water in EU law.
-means all states must ensure public bathing areas (sea etc) remain unpolluted.

37
Q

EU Article 7

A

Allows the suspension of voting rights of a member state

E.g early 2024 - threatened against Hungary if they block additional financial aid to Ukraine, which would jeopardise the security of a candidate state

38
Q

Arguments AGAINST EU significance as global actor

A

Member states are too divided to provide leadership
E.g War on Terror, Syria, Libya

Permanent memership of UNSC is more important for structural influence, EU doesn’t have this

21 of 27 EU member states are part of NATO, prioritising their own security concerns through NATO

Little evidence of other countries following EU’s example

39
Q

EU Political influence example - IGOs

A

Possesses significant structural influence as a full member of the WTO, G7 G20

40
Q

EU Military influence example - CSDP

A

Common Security and Defense Policy - 37 overseas operations between 2003 and 2023
E.g Arms Embargo on Libya

41
Q

EU Military influence example - Operation Atlanta

A

Operation Atlanta has combatted piracy off the Horn of Africa since 2008

42
Q

EU Military influence example - Ukraine

A

EU military assistance to Ukraine was set up in 2022 with an initial 16 million euro fund to provide ammunition and equipment

43
Q

EU Economic influence aspects

A

3rd highest GDP, 2nd Highest GDP PPP

EU’s GDP represents 1/6 total world GDP making it a powerful negotiator in trade deals

E.g Negotiated a free-trade agreement with Canda (2016) and Japan (2019)

EU biggest provider of aid to the developing world

Imposed sanctions on states for human rights violations through the EU global human rights sanctions regime

44
Q

EU Economic influence example - Sanctions

A

2021 Imposed snactions on Myanmar following the military coup

Also imposed sanctions on Belarus and banned its planes from EU airspace after Belarus forced a plane to land so it could arrest a dissident journalist

45
Q

EU Economic influence example - Cotonou Agreement

A

Requires developing countries to safeguard human rights if they are to gain favourable access to EU markets

46
Q

EU Economic influence example - Working with IGOs

A

Working with WTO, the EU can deploy its combined economic strength to maximum strength

47
Q

EU Economic influence example - Zone of Influence

A

2016 Turkey agreed to tighten up the flow of Syrian refugees into Europe

-Done in return for access to the Schengen zone and ‘re-engergised’ talks on Turkish membership of the EU

48
Q

EU Political influence example - Paris

A

2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, EU negotiated as one body on behalf of all its members

49
Q

EU Military influence example - Deployment

A

Since 2002, EU has had a rapid reaction force.
E.g Deployed near Macedonia and Bosnia
E.g Deployed Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo

50
Q

EU Lacking influence example - Davos Summit

A

2020 Davos Summit, president of EU Commission Ursula von der Leyen accepted that the EU needs to be more assertive in international relations, highlighted by Libya showing the cost of division and hesitation

51
Q

Regionaism Success Example - Darfur (Sudan)

A

2007-21 AU and EU deployed peace-keeping mission in Darfur

52
Q

EU Success Example - Climate Change

A

Provides global lead in combatting climate change
Legally commits its members to a 55% reduction in carbon emissions compared with 1990 by 2030.
By 2050 it is committed to a carbon neutral economy

53
Q

How did the African Union threaten to undermine the ICC

A

Said it would withdraw all of their members due to all convictions being African people

54
Q

EU Weakness Example - Afghanistan

A

EU Funded Afghanistan football stadium
Football stadium used for public hangings

Global Politics (10 decks)

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