General Examples Flashcards
Example of a non-state actor promoting global human rights protection - Amnesty International
NGO: Amnesty International - important role in human rights protection
E.g unveiled the existence of re-education camps in China
Between 1981-2015, how much has the % of people in developing countries changed?
Decreased from 52% in 1981 to 15% in 2015
In 1820 what % of people were on less than 2$ per day, what had this decreased to by the 1930s
94% to 75%
Shows poverty rates were decreasing before the introduction of major systems of economic global governance, however since their introduction, the rate of decrease has increased.
How has poverty in East Asia changed between 1981 and 2015?
In 1981, 80% of people lived in poverty, in 2015 had dropped to 8%
% of people living on $1 or less a day in 1990 compared to 2008
1990: 55%
2008: 14%
Chinese investment in Africa and World Bank conditionalities relationship
(Study in 2017)
For all 54 African Countries which received assisstance between 1980 and 2013:
-Every % increase in Chinese aid resulted in 15% fewer World Bank conditions for African Countries
How much of the global economy does China make up?
Roughly 18% as of 2024
How did imports and exports between Africa and EU fall in 2012-16
Imports fell to 11.1%
Exports fell to 1%
Cotonou Agreement
Treaty between EU and ACP countries (African, Caribbean and Pacific).
Entered force in 2003 and in 2023 became Samoa Agreement
Aimed for reduction and eradication of poverty, while contributing to sustainable development and gradual integration of ACP countries into the world economy
Aimed to allow ACP states to determine how their societies and economies develop and carry out operations to the specific needs of different countries
3 Criticisms of North-South divide (Brandt line) account of Poverty
Out of date - BRICS countries becoming more economically developed
Based on a single measure - GDP per capita
Doesn’t consider inequality within countries
Example of economic globalisation increasing cooperation and so decreasing conflict
Opium Wars - Eu nations fought trade wars with Asean powers
However - because of Globalisation the two areas cooperate.
E.g EU is ASEAN’s largest investor and EU exports to China amounted to 396bn euros in 2022
Benfits of the Orthodox Measure of Poverty
Gives more nuances distinction as nations are considered individually rather than part of a hemisphere - benefit over Brandt line
GDP per capita is an easy way of calculating poverty
3 Criticisms of Orthodox Measure of Poverty
Doesn’t consider purchasing power parity
Doesn’t look at disparity within countries
Based of only 1 factor - GDP per capita
Example of Foreign Aid reducing Global poverty - Bangladesh
World Bank water supply and sanitation projects in Bangladesh
-Provided nearly 1.2 million people with access to improved water sourced and hygienic latrines.
Multidimensional poverty
Coined by UN, refers to poverty beyond just low income
-Access to healthcare and education
-High child morality rates
-Low standard of living
NSAs promoting economic growth - Microsoft
MNCs can commit to policies to improve livelihood
E.g Microsoft pledged to increase access to digital skills and has provided 50 million people in rural areas with broadband
Example of NSA reducing Poverty
Internationational foundations - such as Gates and Clinton and foundations encourage world wide sustainable development
3 Examples of NSAs hindering progress for human rights
MNCs - H&M accused of exploiting workers in sweatshops and industries
MNCs - Can be responsible for significant evnrionmental degradation
E.g BP Oil spill in Gulf of Mexico (Deepwater Horizon)
Not all global opinion formers and news outlets are benign.
Social media provides a platform for extremists to foster division
E.g Truth Social
Africa as an exmaple of economic growth but not solving poverty
Second fastest growing region in the world, but hasn’t seen falls in the number of poor
UK committment to overseas development
0.7% of its GDP
Orthodox Measure of Poverty
Prioritises economic development measured by increase in GDP
3 Arguments for there being a North South Divide
- Higher living standards and per capita income in the North
- Higher life expectancy in the North
- More corruption in the South
NGO: Conservation International - Environment
Helped to improve the lives of people everywhere by protecting oceans, forests and other ecosystems.
They have invested over $500 million in 45 different countries to aid the cause of environmental protection.
Criticisms of Neoclassical Development Theory
Infant industry argument doesnt always hold
E.g Brazil - prevented foreign computers from being imported in the 80s to stimulate their own industry.
-However, resulted in their technology stagnating
Profit motives are not always aligned with social welfare, creating underdevelopment
E.g Sweatshops
Limited in job creation
How much do developing countries lose each year to MNCs tax dodging
$160bn
Global electricity access growth between 2015-21
87% in 2015
91% in 2021
% of people in poverty fall between 2015-19
10.8% in 2015
8.4% in 2019
2020 Number of people in extreme poverty rise
Rose to 724 million - reversed approximately 3 years of progress
Under current trends how many people will still be living in poverty by 2030
575 million
% of global trade MNCS account for compared to global employment
20% of global trade
1% of employment
OXFAM - Reducing poverty
2023 - reached 8.3 million people through humanitarian work
E.g Gave cash support to 5,118 drought affected houses in Kenya
