regional gross anatomy spot test 3 part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 2 terminal branches of the popliteal artery?
A
anterior and posterior tibial arteries
2
Q
what are the 5 genicualr branches of the popliteal artery?
A
middle genicualr - pierces the joint capsule to supply the cruciate ligaments of the knee
medial and lateral superior genicular arteries
medial and lateral inferior genicular arteries
3
Q
what do the genicular arteries other than the medial genicualr artery form?
A
an anastamosis around the knee joint
4
Q
explain the. course of the quadriceps tendon
A
it blends w/ the patella and then continues below the knee as the patellar tendon
5
Q
what is the relationship of the tendon of biceps femoris w/ the knee?
A
the tend of biceps femoris comes around the lateral side of the knee as it heads down towards its distal attachment on the head of the fibula
6
Q
what 4 muscle tendons are on the medial side of the knee?
A
sartorius
gracilis
semitendinosus
semimembranosis
7
Q
what type of joint its the knee?
A
a modified hinge joint
8
Q
what are the 3 distinct articulations of the knee?
A
single articulation between the patella and and the femur (femoropatellar)
two separate articulations between the femur and the tibia (via the medial and lateral condyles)
9
Q
does the fibula articulate at the knee joint?
A
no
10
Q
what are the 3 articular surfaces on the femur?
A
patellar surface - anteriorly
lateral condyle
medial condyle
11
Q
what are the 2 articular surfaces on the tibia?
A
lateral condyle
medial condyle
12
Q
what are the articular surfaces on the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia separated by?
A
a non articular ridge in the centre called the intercondylar eminence
13
Q
how is the articular surface on the patella divided?
A
into larger lateral facet and smaller medial facet
14
Q
explain the relationship of the patella and the quadriceps tendon
A
the patella is enclosed w/in the quadriceps tendon
15
Q
what does the knee capsule fuse w/ superiorly?
A
the quadriceps tendon
16
Q
what does the knee capsule fuse w/ inferiorly?
A
the patellar ligament
17
Q
what are the alar folds?
A
indentations deep to the patellar ligament
18
Q
what I the function of bursae in the knee?
A
helps lubricate movement of the many tends across the bone
19
Q
how are the ligaments of the knee divided?
A
into intra capsular and extra capsular
20
Q
what are the 4 extracapsular ligaments of the knee?
A
oblique popliteal ligament
arcuate popliteal ligament
medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament
21
Q
what are het 2 intracapsular ligaments of the knee?
A
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
22
Q
which extracapsular ligament forms as an expansion of hte semimembranous tendon?
A
oblique popliteal ligament
23
Q
which extracapsular ligament forms as a thickening of the capsule as it is pierced by popliteal muscle?
A
arcuate ligament
24
Q
what movements do the collateral ligaments help to prevent?
A
abduction and adduction (side to side movements)
25
how do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments differ visually?
medial collateral - broad flat ligament
lateral collateral - more rope like
26
what is the unique feature of the circulate ligaments?
part of them are taught in every position of the knee joint
27
what is the function of the cruciate ligaments?
help hold the tibial and the femur together
28
what movement is limited as the cruciate ligaments wind around each other?
medial rotation
29
what does the ACL prevent?
hyperextension at the joint
30
what does the PCL prevent?
the femur sliding off the tibia esp when the knee is flexed
31
what are the 2 bands of the ACL?
anteromedial band
posterolaterla band
32
what does the anteromeidal band of the ACL help limit?
flexion
33
what does the posterolateral band of the ACL help limit?
extension
34
where are the medial and lateral menisci assoc w/?
medial meniscus - assoc w/ the medial condyle of the tibia
lateral meniscus - assoc w/ the lateral condyle of the tibia
35
what are the menisci made of?
fibrocartilage
36
what shape are the menisci?
wedge shaped
37
what is the function of the menisci?
help w/ shock absorption
help deepen the articular surface on the tibia
38
what shape is the medial meniscus?
c shaped
39
what is the unhappy triad?
tibial collateral ligament
medial meniscus
ACL
40
what is the area of attachment for the tibial collateral ligament?
the medial meniscus
41
what muscle allows the mobility of the lateral meniscus and why?
popliteus muscle because there are some fibres that attach on the lateral meniscus and so when popliteus contracts, it moves the lateral meniscus
42
which vessels contribute to the periarticular genicualr anastomosis?
the medial and lateral superior genicualr arteries
the medial and lateral inferior genicualr arteries
descending genicualr artery from the femoral artery
descending branch from the lateral circumflex femoral artery
branches from the anterior tibial recurrent artery
43
what is the organisation of the bone of the leg?
larger tibia located more medially and smaller fibula located more laterally and slightly posteriorly
44
what binds the tibia and fibula together?
the interoesseous membrane (tough connective tissue)
45
what is the deep layer of fascia in the leg?
the crural fascia
46
what forms the divisions of the leg that divides it into its compartments?
intermuscualr septae that extend down from the crural fascia
47
what are the 3 compartments of the leg?
anterior compartment
lateral compartment
posterior compartment
48
what movement of the fibula does the interosseous membrane help to prevent?
helps to prevent downward dislocation of the fibula
49
what are the 2 joints between the tibia and the fibula?
the superior and inferior tibiofibular joints
50
describe the superior tibiofibular joint
the superior tibiofibular joint is a synovial plane joint between the head of he fibula and the inferior aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia
51
what is the function of the anterior compartment of the leg?
extension of the ankle joint
52
what does extension of the ankle joint refer to?
dorsiflexion - pointing the toes up
53
what nerve supplies all muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
the deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5)
54
where does the deep peroneal nerve arise from?
the common peroneal nerve
55
what are the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment?
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
peroneus tertius
extensor hallicus longus
56
in addition to dorsiflexion, what other movement can tibias anterior produce?
inversion of the foot
57
where does the tendon of peroneus tertius go?
to the dorsum of the 5th metatarsal
58
what are the extensor retinacula?
thickenings of the fascia which help hold the tendons in place
59
what are the 2 extensor retinacula?
superior extensor retinaculum
inferior extensor retinaculum
60
where does the superior extensor retinaculum run from / to?
from the anterior border of the tibia to the lower end of the fibula
61
explain the structure of the inferior extensor retinaculum
y shaped structure
stem attaches to the lateral side of calcaneus and then splits into 2 bands:
- upper band extends to the medial malleolus
- lower band wraps around the medial border of the foot and then blends w/ the dense fascia over abductor hallicus
62
how many muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg
2
63
what movement do the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg produce
eversion of the foot
64
how do lateral compartment muscles produce eversion
they pass posterior to the lateral malleolus and the tendons enter the foot to produce eversion
65
what are the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment?
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
66
what is the nerve to the lateral compartment of the leg?
the superficial peroneal nerve (L5, S1, S2)
67
where does the superficial peroneal nerve arise from?
it is the terminal branch of the common peroneal nerve which is a terminal branch of the sciatic nerve
68
where does peroneus brevis lie in relation to peroneus longus?
deep to peroneus longus
69
what is the peroneal trochlea of calcaneus?
a ridge that separates peroneus longus from peroneus brevis tendons as they both run over calcaneus
70
what are the 2 muscles of the dorsum of the foot?
extensor hallicus brevis
extensor digitorum brevis
71
what is the innervation of the muscles of the dorsum of the foot?
L5, S1
72
what are the nerve roots of the tibial nerve?
L4-S3
73
what are he nerve roots for the common peroneal nerve?
L4-S2
74
what are the terminal branches of the common peroneal nerve?
the superficial peroneal nerve
the deep peroneal nerve
75
what is the function of the superficial peroneal nerve?
innervates peroneus longus and brevis then continues as a cutaneous nerve which supplies much of the skin of hte dorsum of the foot and the anterolateral aspect of the leg
76
what is the function of the deep peroneal nerve?
supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment then supplies the 2 muscles of the dorsum of the foot then ends as a cutaneous branch which supplies the first web space
77
what is the innervation of the first web space?
terminal cutaneous branch of the deep personal branch of the common peroneal nerve
78
how does the deep peroneal nerve enter the anterior compartment?
by piercing through the extensor digitorum longus muscle
79
what nerve supplies the majority of the anterior skin of the leg?
the saphenous nerve
80
where does the saphenous nerve arise from?
the femoral nerve
81
what nerve supplies the most lateral part of the anterior skin of the leg?
the lateral sural cutaneous nerve
82
what is cutaneous innervation of the distal part of the leg and dorsum of the foot?
the superficial perineal nerve
83
what nerve innervates the lateral side of the foot?
the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
84
what does the sural nerve terminate as?
the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
85
what are the terminal branches of the popliteal artery?
the anterior tibial artery
the posterior tibial artery
86
explain the course of the anterior tibial artery
it pierces through the interosseous membrane to enter the anterior compartment
it then descends on the interosseous membrane and crosses the ankle joint to enter the dorsum of the foot
86
explain the course of the anterior tibial artery
it pierces through the interosseous membrane to enter the anterior compartment
it then descends on the interosseous membrane and crosses the ankle joint to enter the dorsum of the foot
87
explain the course of the posterior tibial artery
supplies the posterior compartment
then gives the fibular artery which then gives off perforating branches that will supply the muscles
88
how is the lateral compartment supplied by the fibular artery?
the fibular artery is a branch of the posterior tibial artery
it is not located in the lateral compartment but gives off perforating branches that will supply the lateral compartment
89
which artery continues on the dorsum of the foot?
the anterior tibial artery
90
as the anterior tibial artery crosses the ankle joint what does the name change to?
dorsalis pedis artery
91
which branch of dorsals pedis anastomoses w/ arteries supplying the sole of the foot?
the deep plantar artery
92
where will the dorsal venous arch of the foot empty into?
the great saphenous vein
93
what is the soleal line?
the site of attachment for the soleus muscle found on the posterior aspect of the tibia
94
which bone of the leg sits more medially and forms the medial malleolus?
the tibia
95
which bone of the leg sits more laterally and forms the lateral malleolus?
the fibula
96
what is the triangular area above the soleal line called?
the popliteal area
97
what is the function of the popliteal area?
distal attachment for the popliteus muscle
98
how many muscles are in the posterior compartment of the leg?
7
3 superficial 4 deep
99
where do all superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg insert?
tendocalcaneus
100
where do the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg insert and what is the exception and why?
pass behind the medial malleolus to the plantar surface of he foot
except popliteus because it does not cross the ankle joint (only crosses the knee joint)
101
what are the 3 superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
102
explain the arrangement of gastrocnemius
there are 2 heads: medial and lateral head
attaches distally on tendocalcaneous
103
what nerve innervates all muscles of the posterior compartment?
the tibial nerve (S1, S2)
104
what are the 2 functions of gastrocnemius?
plantar flexion of the ankle joint (this is true flexion - refers to pointing the toes down)
flexion of the knee
105
where can the muscle belly of plantaris be seen?
sticking up between the 2 heads of gastrocnemius on the lateral supracondylar line of the femur
106
what is the key feature of plantaris?
muscle belly is small but there is a very long tendon that joins w/ tendocalcaneus
107
which muscle of the posterior compartment of the leg is absent in about 10% of people?
plantaris
108
what is the function of plantaris and what is the additional theoretical function?
assists w/ plantarflexion of the ankle
crosses the knee so technically could assist w/ flexion of the knee but so small and so it doesn't
109
where is the proximal attachment of soleus?
the soleal line on the posterior aspect of the tibia
110
what is t he function of soleus?
plantar flexion of the ankle joint
111
how does popliteus differ from all other posterior compartment muscles?
it does not cross the ankle joint and so does not have tendons that are going into the sole of the foot
112
where are the proximal and distal attachments of popliteus?
proximal - lateral condyle of the femur (pit of popliteus)
distal - popliteal area of the posterior tibia (just above soleal line)
113
what is the function of popliteus?
to unlock the knee
114
wha is the innervation of popliteus?
tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1)
115
where is the muscle belly of tibialis posterior located?
between flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallicus longus
116
what is the arrangement of the tendons of the deep muscles of the leg at the medial malleolus from medial to lateral
tom - tibialis posterior
dick - flexor digitorum longus
harry - flexor hallicus longus
