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BMSc anatomy > regional gross anatomy semester 2 > Flashcards

regional gross anatomy semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

in females what are the 2 pouches created by peritoneum called and where are they found?

A

vesciouterine pouch - between the uterus and bladder

rectouteirne pouch (aka pouch of Douglas) - between the uterus and rectum

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2
Q

what forms the broad ligament as it passes over the uterus?

A

the peritoneum

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3
Q

in males what is one pouch created by peritoneum called and where is it found?

A

vesicorectal pouch - between the rectum and bladder

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4
Q

how is the relationship between the apex of the bladder and the pubic bones maintained?

A

by a connective tissue structure called the urachus

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5
Q

what is the urachus?

A

an embryological remnant that drained the foetal bladder and joined the umbilical cord

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6
Q

what is the trigone area of the bladder?

A

the smooth area at the base of the bladder

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7
Q

what is the muscle of the bladder called?

A

the detrusor muscle

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8
Q

what is the sphincter vesicae?

A

the incomplete sphincter at the neck of the bladder formed by the detrusor muscle

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9
Q

explain the control of the sphincter vesicae?

A

it is composed of smooth muscle that is under autonomic nervous system and so there is no voluntary control

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10
Q

where is the external sphincter of micturition?

A

at the urogenital diaphragm

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11
Q

what are the 2 arteries that supply the bladder?

A

superior vesical artery
inferior vesical artery

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12
Q

where does the superior vesical artery arise form?

A

the anterior division of the internal iliac

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13
Q

where does the inferior vesical artery arise from?

A

anterior division of the internal iliac

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14
Q

explain the venous drainage of the bladder?

A

to the vesical plexus and then into the internal iliac veins

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15
Q

how is the bladder supplied by the ANS?

A

via the inferior hypogastric plexus

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16
Q

where is the main lymphatic drainage of the bladder and urethra to?

A

the internal iliac nodes

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17
Q

where does the rectum arise?

A

as an extension of the sigmoid colon as it crossed the third fused sacral vertebrae

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18
Q

explain the internal surface of the rectum?

A

the internal surface of the rectum is in 3 transverse folds and there is a large area called the rectal ampulla between them

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19
Q

what are the 3 main arteries that supply the rectum?

A

superior rectal artery
middle rectal artery
inferior rectal artery

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20
Q

where does the superior rectal artery arise from?

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

how many middle rectal arteries are there and where do they arise from?

A

there are 2 (bilateral)

arise from the internal iliac

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22
Q

how many inferior rectal arteries are there and where do they arise from?

A

2 (bilateral) arise from internal pudendal

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23
Q

how many middle rectal arteries are there and where do they arise from?

A

2 (bilateral)

arise from the internal iliac

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24
Q

explain the venous drainage of the rectum

A

the rectum is a site of portal systemic anastomosis because the superior rectum drains into portal system and the inferior rectum drains into systemic system

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25
Q

what is the function of the broad ligament?

A

provides a small degree of support to the uterus
carries the neurovascualr bundle of the uterus

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26
Q

what are the three areas of the broad ligament?

A

mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium

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27
Q

what is the function of hte mesovarium part of the broad ligament?

A

holds the ovaries to the posterior surface of the broad ligament

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28
Q

what is the function of the mesosalpinxpart of the broad ligament?

A

supports the uterine tubes

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29
Q

what is the function of the mesometrium part of the broad ligament?

A

the main part of the broad ligament assoc w/ the body of the uterus

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30
Q

what is the most superior part of the uterus called?

A

the fundus

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31
Q

explain the walls of the uterus.

A

the walls are muscular (myometrium) and lined by endometrium

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32
Q

where are the internal and external os found?

A

internal os found superior to the cervix
external os found at the cervix

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33
Q

what are the lateral spaces seen as the cervix bulges into the vagina?

A

the lateral fornices

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34
Q

what is the arterial supply to the uterus?

A

supplied by the uterine artery

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35
Q

where does the uterine artery arise from?

A

the anterior division of the internal iliac artery

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36
Q

which artery does the uterine artery anastomose w/?

A

the ovarian artery

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37
Q

which 3 structures does the ovarian artery supply?

A

the ovaries
fundus of the uterus
uterine tubes

38
Q

explain the 3 parts of the fallopian tubes

A

isthmus - narrowed part as the Fallopian tubes leave the uterus

ampulla - expanded area in-between isthmus and infundibulum

infundibulum - widened area at the end of the Fallopian tubes

fimbriae - finger like projections at the end of the uterine tubes

39
Q

explain how the pelvic floor muscles prevent prolapse of the uterus through the vagina

A

pubococcygeus forms a sling around the vagina called pubovaginalis

40
Q

where does the ovarian artery arise form?

A

directly from the abdo aorta at L2

41
Q

explain the venous drainage of the ovaries

A

drain into the IVC on the R and the left renal vein on the L

42
Q

which 2 structures does the ligament of the ovary pass between?

A

the uterus and ovary

43
Q

what is the function of the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

carries the ovarian artery and vein

44
Q

what artery supplies the distal vagina and perineum?

A

internal pudendal

45
Q

explain the course of the vas deferens

A

it passes in the spermatic cord, through the superficial inguinal ring, along the inguinal canal and through the deep intgional ring into the pelvis

it then crosses the lateral wall of the pelvis to descend towards the seminal vesicles at the posterior surface of the bladder

46
Q

which 2 structures form the ejaculatory duct within the prostate gland?

A

the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle

47
Q

what are the seminal vesicles and what is their structure?

A

they are highly coiled tubes that lie posterior to the bladder

they secrete fluid to increase the liquid component of the semen

48
Q

why can prostate carcinoma metastasise to the lower vertebral column?

A

because the prostatic venous plexus has many connections to the vertebral veins

49
Q

how does levator ani support the prostate gland?

A

pubococcygeus forms a muscular support for the prostate gland called pubo prostaticus or levator prostate

50
Q

what is the anal triangle?

A

the area between the ischial tuberosities and the coccyx

51
Q

what innervates the external anal sphincter?

A

the inferior rectal artery (branch of pudendal nerve)

52
Q

what is the arterial supply to the wall of the rectum and the anal canal?

A

inferior rectal artery (branch of pudendal artery)

53
Q

what is the perineal body?

A

a small dense structure composed of connect tissue that lies at the edge of the urogenital diaphragm to provide attachment to muscles of the perineum

54
Q

what is the innervation of the voluntary, external anal sphincter?

A

pudendal nerve (S2-4)

55
Q

what is the pectinate line?

A

the landmark at the base of the anal columns for the end of the visceral internal part of the digestive tract and the start of the parietal body wall structures

56
Q

where is the urogenital triangle found?

A

between the ischial tuberosities and the pubic symphysis

57
Q

what is found in the urogenital triangle?

A

the urogenital diaphragm

58
Q

explain the 3 layers of the urogenital diaphragm

A

superior layer - comprised of fascia that blends w/ perineal body

middle layer - contains voluntary sphincter that controls urination (sphincter urethrae) and deep transverse perineal muscles

most superficial layer - layer of fascia called the perineal membrane

59
Q

which layer of the urogenital diaphragm contains the deep perineal pouch?

A

the middle layer

60
Q

which layer of the urogenital triangle contains the superficial perineal pouch?

A

the most superficial layer

61
Q

which structures pass through the deep perineal pouch in both sexes?

A

urethra
branches of the internal pudendal artery
pudendal nere

62
Q

in males which additional structures pass through the deep perineal pouch?

A

the bulbourethral glands

63
Q

in females which additional structures pass through the deep perineal pouch?

A

the vagina

64
Q

what are the structures in the superficial perineal pouch?

A

small muscles
pieces of erectile tissue
the nerves and vessels that supply them
the urethra

65
Q

which muscle overlie the crura?

A

ischiocavernosus muscle

66
Q

what structure does bulbospongiosus overlie?

A

in males - bulb of the penis

in females - the vestibule in the vagina

67
Q

explain the difference between bulbospongiosus in males and females?

A

in females it is in 2 parts either side of the vaigna

in males it is in the midline and surround the bulb of the penis

68
Q

where does the perineal body sit?

A

at the posterior edge of the urogenital diaphragm

69
Q

what pieces of erectile tissue lie next to the ischiopubic rami?

A

the crura

70
Q

explain the differences between the crura in males and females

A

in females they continue to form the body of the clitoris

in males they continue into the penis as the corpus caverenosa

71
Q

what does the bulb of the penis continue as?

A

the corpus spongiosuim

72
Q

what are the 3 blocks of erectile tissue in males?

A

2 corpus cavernousum
1 corpus spongiosum

73
Q

what are the 4 parts of the male urethra?

A

pre prostatic part - between trigone and prostate

prostatic part - passing through prostate

membranous part - passing through urogenital diaphragm

penile (spongy) part - passing though corpus spongiosum to the glans of the penis

74
Q

what nerve provides sensory innervation to the penis and scrotum?

A

branches of the pudendal nerve

75
Q

explain the lumbosacral plexus

A

L4 and L5 nerve roots carry nerve fibres to join S1-S4 nerve roots

lumbosacral plexus: L4-S4

76
Q

what are the nerve root values of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

77
Q

where does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

the posterior compartment of the thigh, all the muscles of the leg and foot

78
Q

what innervates gluteus medius and minimus?

A

the superior gluteal nerve

79
Q

what are the nerve root values for he superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4, L5 and S1

80
Q

what innervates gluteus maximus?

A

the inferior gluteal nerve

81
Q

what are the nerve root values for the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5, S1 and S2

82
Q

where do the superior and inferior gluteal nerves pass through?

A

the greater sciatic foramen

83
Q

explain the role of the pudendal nerve in the maintenance of continence

A

the pudendal nerve innervates both the external (voluntary) sphincters of the urethra and anal canal

84
Q

what is the innervation of the erectile tissues of the perineum?

A

autonomic nerves

85
Q

what is the superior hypogastric plexus and where is it found?

A

it is a sympathetic nerve plexus

sits at the bifurcation of the aorta into the common iliacs

86
Q

what is the inferior hypogastric plexus and where is it found?

A

it is a mix of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres

sit on the internal lateral walls of the pelvis

87
Q

how does sympathetic innervation affect the rectum and why?

A

decreases movement because it causes the contraction of the internal anal and urethral sphincters

88
Q

what is the main arterial supply to the pelvis?

A

the internal iliac artery

89
Q

explain the division from iliac to external and internal iliacs

A

aorta divides to form common iliac arteries at L4

each common carotid then divides to form external iliac and internal iliac

90
Q

what is supplied by external and internal iliacs?

A

external - lower limb

internal - pelvis

91
Q

before the umbilici artery ends as a piece of connective tissue if forms which 2 arteries?

A

the superior vesical arteries

92
Q

in a female what artery replaces the inferior vesical artery?

A

the vaginal or uterine artery

BMSc anatomy (8 decks)

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