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regional gross anatomy semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

in females what are the 2 pouches created by peritoneum called and where are they found?

A

vesciouterine pouch - between the uterus and bladder

rectouteirne pouch (aka pouch of Douglas) - between the uterus and rectum

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2
Q

what forms the broad ligament as it passes over the uterus?

A

the peritoneum

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3
Q

in males what is one pouch created by peritoneum called and where is it found?

A

vesicorectal pouch - between the rectum and bladder

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4
Q

how is the relationship between the apex of the bladder and the pubic bones maintained?

A

by a connective tissue structure called the urachus

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5
Q

what is the urachus?

A

an embryological remnant that drained the foetal bladder and joined the umbilical cord

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6
Q

what is the trigone area of the bladder?

A

the smooth area at the base of the bladder

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7
Q

what is the muscle of the bladder called?

A

the detrusor muscle

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8
Q

what is the sphincter vesicae?

A

the incomplete sphincter at the neck of the bladder formed by the detrusor muscle

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9
Q

explain the control of the sphincter vesicae?

A

it is composed of smooth muscle that is under autonomic nervous system and so there is no voluntary control

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10
Q

where is the external sphincter of micturition?

A

at the urogenital diaphragm

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11
Q

what are the 2 arteries that supply the bladder?

A

superior vesical artery
inferior vesical artery

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12
Q

where does the superior vesical artery arise form?

A

the anterior division of the internal iliac

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13
Q

where does the inferior vesical artery arise from?

A

anterior division of the internal iliac

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14
Q

explain the venous drainage of the bladder?

A

to the vesical plexus and then into the internal iliac veins

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15
Q

how is the bladder supplied by the ANS?

A

via the inferior hypogastric plexus

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16
Q

where is the main lymphatic drainage of the bladder and urethra to?

A

the internal iliac nodes

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17
Q

where does the rectum arise?

A

as an extension of the sigmoid colon as it crossed the third fused sacral vertebrae

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18
Q

explain the internal surface of the rectum?

A

the internal surface of the rectum is in 3 transverse folds and there is a large area called the rectal ampulla between them

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19
Q

what are the 3 main arteries that supply the rectum?

A

superior rectal artery
middle rectal artery
inferior rectal artery

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20
Q

where does the superior rectal artery arise from?

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

how many middle rectal arteries are there and where do they arise from?

A

there are 2 (bilateral)

arise from the internal iliac

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22
Q

how many inferior rectal arteries are there and where do they arise from?

A

2 (bilateral) arise from internal pudendal

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23
Q

how many middle rectal arteries are there and where do they arise from?

A

2 (bilateral)

arise from the internal iliac

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24
Q

explain the venous drainage of the rectum

A

the rectum is a site of portal systemic anastomosis because the superior rectum drains into portal system and the inferior rectum drains into systemic system

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25
what is the function of the broad ligament?
provides a small degree of support to the uterus carries the neurovascualr bundle of the uterus
26
what are the three areas of the broad ligament?
mesovarium mesosalpinx mesometrium
27
what is the function of hte mesovarium part of the broad ligament?
holds the ovaries to the posterior surface of the broad ligament
28
what is the function of the mesosalpinxpart of the broad ligament?
supports the uterine tubes
29
what is the function of the mesometrium part of the broad ligament?
the main part of the broad ligament assoc w/ the body of the uterus
30
what is the most superior part of the uterus called?
the fundus
31
explain the walls of the uterus.
the walls are muscular (myometrium) and lined by endometrium
32
where are the internal and external os found?
internal os found superior to the cervix external os found at the cervix
33
what are the lateral spaces seen as the cervix bulges into the vagina?
the lateral fornices
34
what is the arterial supply to the uterus?
supplied by the uterine artery
35
where does the uterine artery arise from?
the anterior division of the internal iliac artery
36
which artery does the uterine artery anastomose w/?
the ovarian artery
37
which 3 structures does the ovarian artery supply?
the ovaries fundus of the uterus uterine tubes
38
explain the 3 parts of the fallopian tubes
isthmus - narrowed part as the Fallopian tubes leave the uterus ampulla - expanded area in-between isthmus and infundibulum infundibulum - widened area at the end of the Fallopian tubes fimbriae - finger like projections at the end of the uterine tubes
39
explain how the pelvic floor muscles prevent prolapse of the uterus through the vagina
pubococcygeus forms a sling around the vagina called pubovaginalis
40
where does the ovarian artery arise form?
directly from the abdo aorta at L2
41
explain the venous drainage of the ovaries
drain into the IVC on the R and the left renal vein on the L
42
which 2 structures does the ligament of the ovary pass between?
the uterus and ovary
43
what is the function of the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
carries the ovarian artery and vein
44
what artery supplies the distal vagina and perineum?
internal pudendal
45
explain the course of the vas deferens
it passes in the spermatic cord, through the superficial inguinal ring, along the inguinal canal and through the deep intgional ring into the pelvis it then crosses the lateral wall of the pelvis to descend towards the seminal vesicles at the posterior surface of the bladder
46
which 2 structures form the ejaculatory duct within the prostate gland?
the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle
47
what are the seminal vesicles and what is their structure?
they are highly coiled tubes that lie posterior to the bladder they secrete fluid to increase the liquid component of the semen
48
why can prostate carcinoma metastasise to the lower vertebral column?
because the prostatic venous plexus has many connections to the vertebral veins
49
how does levator ani support the prostate gland?
pubococcygeus forms a muscular support for the prostate gland called pubo prostaticus or levator prostate
50
what is the anal triangle?
the area between the ischial tuberosities and the coccyx
51
what innervates the external anal sphincter?
the inferior rectal artery (branch of pudendal nerve)
52
what is the arterial supply to the wall of the rectum and the anal canal?
inferior rectal artery (branch of pudendal artery)
53
what is the perineal body?
a small dense structure composed of connect tissue that lies at the edge of the urogenital diaphragm to provide attachment to muscles of the perineum
54
what is the innervation of the voluntary, external anal sphincter?
pudendal nerve (S2-4)
55
what is the pectinate line?
the landmark at the base of the anal columns for the end of the visceral internal part of the digestive tract and the start of the parietal body wall structures
56
where is the urogenital triangle found?
between the ischial tuberosities and the pubic symphysis
57
what is found in the urogenital triangle?
the urogenital diaphragm
58
explain the 3 layers of the urogenital diaphragm
superior layer - comprised of fascia that blends w/ perineal body middle layer - contains voluntary sphincter that controls urination (sphincter urethrae) and deep transverse perineal muscles most superficial layer - layer of fascia called the perineal membrane
59
which layer of the urogenital diaphragm contains the deep perineal pouch?
the middle layer
60
which layer of the urogenital triangle contains the superficial perineal pouch?
the most superficial layer
61
which structures pass through the deep perineal pouch in both sexes?
urethra branches of the internal pudendal artery pudendal nere
62
in males which additional structures pass through the deep perineal pouch?
the bulbourethral glands
63
in females which additional structures pass through the deep perineal pouch?
the vagina
64
what are the structures in the superficial perineal pouch?
small muscles pieces of erectile tissue the nerves and vessels that supply them the urethra
65
which muscle overlie the crura?
ischiocavernosus muscle
66
what structure does bulbospongiosus overlie?
in males - bulb of the penis in females - the vestibule in the vagina
67
explain the difference between bulbospongiosus in males and females?
in females it is in 2 parts either side of the vaigna in males it is in the midline and surround the bulb of the penis
68
where does the perineal body sit?
at the posterior edge of the urogenital diaphragm
69
what pieces of erectile tissue lie next to the ischiopubic rami?
the crura
70
explain the differences between the crura in males and females
in females they continue to form the body of the clitoris in males they continue into the penis as the corpus caverenosa
71
what does the bulb of the penis continue as?
the corpus spongiosuim
72
what are the 3 blocks of erectile tissue in males?
2 corpus cavernousum 1 corpus spongiosum
73
what are the 4 parts of the male urethra?
pre prostatic part - between trigone and prostate prostatic part - passing through prostate membranous part - passing through urogenital diaphragm penile (spongy) part - passing though corpus spongiosum to the glans of the penis
74
what nerve provides sensory innervation to the penis and scrotum?
branches of the pudendal nerve
75
explain the lumbosacral plexus
L4 and L5 nerve roots carry nerve fibres to join S1-S4 nerve roots lumbosacral plexus: L4-S4
76
what are the nerve root values of the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
77
where does the sciatic nerve supply?
the posterior compartment of the thigh, all the muscles of the leg and foot
78
what innervates gluteus medius and minimus?
the superior gluteal nerve
79
what are the nerve root values for he superior gluteal nerve?
L4, L5 and S1
80
what innervates gluteus maximus?
the inferior gluteal nerve
81
what are the nerve root values for the inferior gluteal nerve?
L5, S1 and S2
82
where do the superior and inferior gluteal nerves pass through?
the greater sciatic foramen
83
explain the role of the pudendal nerve in the maintenance of continence
the pudendal nerve innervates both the external (voluntary) sphincters of the urethra and anal canal
84
what is the innervation of the erectile tissues of the perineum?
autonomic nerves
85
what is the superior hypogastric plexus and where is it found?
it is a sympathetic nerve plexus sits at the bifurcation of the aorta into the common iliacs
86
what is the inferior hypogastric plexus and where is it found?
it is a mix of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres sit on the internal lateral walls of the pelvis
87
how does sympathetic innervation affect the rectum and why?
decreases movement because it causes the contraction of the internal anal and urethral sphincters
88
what is the main arterial supply to the pelvis?
the internal iliac artery
89
explain the division from iliac to external and internal iliacs
aorta divides to form common iliac arteries at L4 each common carotid then divides to form external iliac and internal iliac
90
what is supplied by external and internal iliacs?
external - lower limb internal - pelvis
91
before the umbilici artery ends as a piece of connective tissue if forms which 2 arteries?
the superior vesical arteries
92
in a female what artery replaces the inferior vesical artery?
the vaginal or uterine artery

BMSc anatomy (8 decks)

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