Regeneration Revision Flashcards
What is the Clarke Fisher model?
It shows the changes in the 4 economic activity sectors over time
What are the 4 different sectors of industry?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What is the primary sector?
The exploitation of raw materials from land, sea or air e.g farming or mining
What is the secondary sector?
The manufacturing of primary materials into finished products e.g building, food processing or construction
What is the tertiary sector?
Th providing of services to individuals and other businesses e.g teaching, banking, retailing and nursing
What is the quaternary sector?
Research and development, including science and IT e.g medical research, digital media development and web page design
What does place refer to?
A geographical space shaped by individuals and communities over time
What does rural-urban continuum mean?
the unbroken transition from sparsely populated, remote rural places to densely populated urban places.
What is regeneration?
Sometimes known as place making. Long term upgrading of existing places either residential retail industrial or commercial in urban or rural areas. (connected with rebranding)
What is location quotient?
A mappable ratio that helps show specialisation in any data distribution; a figure close to 1 suggests patterns are similar with no particular specialisation.
What is gross value added?
It measures the contribution to the economy of each producer industry or sector; used in calculating GDP.
What is postcode lottery?
It refers to the uneven distribution of local personal health and health services nationally EG mental health early diagnosis of cancer and emergency care for the elderly.
What is the Glasgow effect?
It’s the impacts of poor health linked to deprivation.
What is household food insecurity?
A household level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food and nutrition.
What does parochial mean in a geographical setting?
People are less tied to their place of birth than a century ago
How do the types of jobs available in an area determine how engaged students are with education?
Young people who live in areas with fewer job opportunities are less likely to continue in education - what is the point?
Young people who have parents in professional roles are more likely to continue with education/training and end up in professional roles.
What might account for the variations in life expectancy/health?
The more you earn, the more likely you are to live in good health and have a higher life expectancy = (food/nutrition/healthcare measures EG check ups)
People with higher incomes may be able to afford higher-quality housing (insulated, not damp or overcrowded)
Other factors such as urban vs rural (pollution)
What does quality of life measure?
Health and living standards
There is a huge variation in the UK
What is the UK prosperity index?
It uses a variety of quality of life indicators to rank places from best to worst
What is quality of life?
The level of social and economic well-being experience by individuals, measured by wealth, health, happiness, income and education etc
What is gentrification?
The process where a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving house and businesses (often displacing current inhabitants in the process).
What does perception refer to?
An individual’s or group’s ‘picture’ of reality based on their own assessment.
What are connections in a geographical setting?
Any type of physical,social or online links between places
What is studentification?
Social, physical and cultural changesas a result ofan influx of studentsoften within privately rented accommodation/areas.
What are sink estates?
Housing estates charactarised byhigh levels of socialand economic deprivation and crime EG domestic violence,gang relatedviolence and drug use
Why may functional and demographic change occur?
- Location – proximity to large cities and economic zones (opportunity?)
- Environment
- Technology
Connections/access to other places – infrastructure (HS2??)
- Historical development – change over time – industry – consumer trends (EG: online retail)
- Gentrification
- Historic buildings – planning which leads on to:
- Government policies – planning (local and national level)
- Conservation areas
How can you measure change?
Land Use change
Employment change
Demographic change
Levels of deprivation
What is the index of multiple deprivation?
This is use by central governments to make decisions on how and where to allocate resources; funding and regeneration aid to places and people.
The government tend to target areas which have, for EG – high levels of crime or low GCSE attainment.
What can levels of engagement be measured by?
Election turnout (local/national)
Support for local community projects
In the 2019 national election, how many eligible voters were not correctly registered?
Approximately 9 million
What does regeneration rely on?
Community participation throughout
Organisations/charities - e.g National lottery, supermarket chains (blue coins in Tesco) as well as local and national government need communities to be supportive or the project I bless likely to be successful
What are factors affecting levels of engagement?
Age
Length of residence
Levels of deprivation
Gender
Ethnicity
How can place identity be flaunted through/by locals?
The terms ‘Geordie’ ‘Scouse’ ‘Del Boy’
Football team nicknames = Sheffield United known as the ‘Blades’ because of the city’s links with steel, Stoke city are known as the ‘Potters’ because of ceramics
This may indicate economic specialisms, even if they are now defunct
What scheme did the UK government launch in 2014?
It’s ‘promoting fundamental British values’ scheme, deliverable by all state schools in England, to help counteract threats by fundamentalism and terrorism and to promote a sense of national place, which has become linked to citizenship
What is rebranding?
Rebranding is another way to alter public perception of a place to bring about a change of opinion of visitors and bring about improvements and investment.
It is the marketing aspect of regeneration and may include re-imaging.
What is re-imaging?
Re-imaging is the process of making a place more attractive or desirable to live in or visit.
Why can rural areas struggle with rebranding?
Due to a lack of infrastructure already in place = so campaigns need to be thorough
How can rural areas combat their struggles with rebranding?
Literary associations EG: Bronte country..
The wild moors and the village of Haworth where the Brontes grew up.. the possibility to visit locations where literature was inspired.
Outdoor Pursuits: Wild Scotland – Scottish tourism alliance “Nurture your wild side” slogan
Heritage examples include Northumberland – the setting for some of the Harry Potter films.. Beautiful scenery etc may encourage tourism.
Once a place gains notoriety through books/films etc the place aims to cash in on tourists. This may encourage further investment, development and regeneration. Kings Cross, Glenfinnan Viaduct
Being social media savvy may spread the word faster and more effectively now.
1. Thailand – The Beach
2. New Zealand – Lord of the Rings
3. Croatia/Ireland/Iceland – GoT
Is rural rebranding straightforward, if so why?
Rural rebranding can be straightforward EG: farm diversification – making changes to encourage economic growth.
A good example is Teals – on the A303, glamping sites or the Buffalo farm near Stockbridge – a specialised product. The ‘HUB’ in BroadChalke is a good example too as well as The History Festival.
Food is often a way to generate interest.
What are urban examples of rebranding?
Birmingham – Peaky Blinders
Notting Hill – following the film and Paddington!!
Industrial Heritage – buildings repurposed and rebranded as galleries/museums etc.. Portsmouth docks good examples.
Creative Arts and Tourism - EG: Liverpool waterfront.
Glasgow – ‘Scotland with Style’
Where can advertising be shown/promoted?
- Social Media/online
- Posters on transport – rail routes to the coast (this might go alongside cheap travel/offers to the coast for EG..)
- TV advertising
- LOGO change
- Brand identity/slogan changes
- Hosting events
- Free ticketed events
How can regeneration be a catalyst?
Regeneration isn’t a quick fix to an area’s problems and tend to be a long term measure.
Some events are designed to be a catalyst such as the London Olympic Games or the Commonwealth Games in Manchester.
They attract investment and people and create a legacy of success which helps to tackle more longstanding issues.
What are some economic measures commonly used to judge success?
- Improved employment rates
- Higher incomes
- Increased levels of disposable income/reduced poverty rates
What are some social measures commonly used to judge success and how are they often measured?
Social measures are often measured by The Index of Multiple Deprivation.
It looks at reductions in inequalities both between areas and within them.
IE. demographic changes such as life expectancy and a fall in health deprivation.
What are some environmental measures used to judge success?
- Improved access to green space
- Reduced pollution
- Reduction in abandoned and derelict land.
How is the success of regeneration measured/shown?
The success will be measured by showing change over time.
What are LSOA’s?
Census data are collected in small neighbourhoods, known as Lower Super Output Areas (LSOA).
There are 32, 844 in England.
Data can be aggregated into larger areas, such as districts, counties or boroughs.
How many domains of deprivation are there?
7
What are the 7 domains of deprivation, which combine to create the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD2019)
- Income
- Employment
- Education
- Health
- Crime
- Barriers to housing and services
- Living environment
Supplementary indicies:
1. Income deprivation affecting children index (IDACI) = 0-15 year olds
2. Income deprivation affecting older people index (IDAOPI) = 60+
What are the two ways of measuring success?
- Absolute
- Relative
What is absolute success?
When the entire community has benefitted.
What is relative success?
When only certain groups have benefitted.
What is a downside of job focus regeneration?
Outsiders may take new jobs rather than locals
What does getting out of the poverty trap depend on?
Getting out of the poverty trap depends in the short-term on household income, but in the longer term on educational attainment and attitudes towards health.
How can success involve a strong brand and identity?
They attract investment, boost tourism, and create a positive image, making a place more desirable to live, work, and visit.
The Eden project, Olympic stadium and West Quay are all examples and can help boost local cities economies
What is a catalyst?
the method/event that starts a regeneration scheme
What is an Area Based Initiative?
Area Based Initiatives: ABIs aim to improve selected people/places within a specific location.
What is social progress?
Relates to how an individual and community improve their relative status in society over time.
What does social progress aim to do?
- Reduce inequalities between areas and within them
- Improvements in social measures of deprivation
- Demographic changes – improvements in life expectancy and reduction in health deprivation
What did the 2020 ONS survey highlight in age-related disparities regarding wellbeing across the UK population?
- Young people (16–24) report high health satisfaction and strong participation in physical activity, but face social challenges such as unemployment, loneliness, and a weaker sense of community belonging.
- Adults aged 25–54 are more likely to be employed, but report lower satisfaction with leisure time, reflecting pressures from work and family life.
- Older adults (75+) experience higher satisfaction with income, leisure, and financial stability, and feel a stronger sense of neighbourhood belonging, but face issues with declining health and lower engagement in cultural activities.
How does regeneration tackle living environment measures?
Redesigning run-down neighbourhoods
Pedestrian zones
Lighting and street furniture
Graffiti, litter and noise
What are the two subdivisions from the IMD Living environment deprivation domain
- Indoor = The quality of housing including the structure, facilities, insulation and central heating provision
- Outdoor = Air quality and number of road traffic accidents
What can perception of success be sculpted by?
Media coverage
Personal perceptions and attachments
Personal experiences of change
Gender
Ethnicity
Age
Stance towards development and change
What are stakeholder views sculpted by?
Stakeholders have different views on regeneration because they have different expectations, interests, and lived experiences:
Expectations
Stakeholders have different expectations for regeneration in terms of social, economic, and environmental concerns. For example, planners may support regeneration because it could be profitable, while local residents may oppose it because it could lead to gentrification.
Interests
Stakeholders may have a vested interest in a change based on their own personal objectives. For example, property owners may be skeptical about regeneration if they don’t believe in cultural heritage.
Lived experiences
Stakeholders’ lived experiences of a place can affect their judgment of regeneration. For example, residents may be concerned about the impact of regeneration on the reality and image of their place.
Role
Stakeholders may have different roles, such as local residents, local businesses, national governments, landowners, and farmers.
Stakeholder conflicts can lead to social problems, such as unbalanced benefit distribution, displacement, and social unrest
Each stakeholder will have different viewpoints. Local residents may oppose regeneration because investment may lead to gentrification displacing them from their homes. Conflict may arise between these and planners who are fond of regeneration because it may be profitable for them in the future.
What does a places function refer to?
The roles a place plays for its community and surroundings
What does Egan’s wheel show?
The criteria to evaluate success
What are the factors affecting regeneration policies?
Politics of the local area
External factors = global economic recessions and booms
Legacy of past regeneration policies
The degree of ‘pump pricing’ needed
Quality of the bid to government or private finance to get investment
Location = urban or rural
Legacy of the past: Physical, Social, Economic
What are the two factors affecting lived experience and levels of engagement?
Membership = a feeling of belonging, familiarity and being accepted
Influence = a sense of playing a part in a place and hence caring about it
Summarise the different regeneration strategies to improve rural and urban locations
Urban Regeneration Strategies:
Economic Renewal
Retail-Led
Tourism/Leisure-Led
Sport-Led
Rebranding/Re-imaging
Infrastructure Development
Cultural Regeneration
Environmental Regeneration
Rural Regeneration Strategies
Public/Private Rural Diversification
Tourism
Rebranding
Infrastructure Development
Farm Diversification
Outdoor Pursuits and Adventure
Cultural Regeneration
