Case Studies - Human geography Flashcards
Who was involved in the decision making for the Salisbury river side project?
Is a collaboration between:
- the environmental agency
- Wiltshire council produced CAF to help make recommendations to guide future development
- Salisbury city council
- Swindon and Wiltshire local enterprise partnership
- Funded by the government agencies, £23.5 out of £35 million
- Opposition = funds from local taxpayers
- People were consulted through direct message/email or through Wiltshire council website
- Success can be measured through a reduction in flooding and an increase in public engagement
Eden Project
Located in Cornwall
Government funding
brownfield site - built on former clay pit, which shut as a result of the global shift in industry
opened in 2001 - 1.5 million visitors in first year
June 2021 hosted G7 Summit - global significance
Contributed £2bn to local economy since launch
Indoor attraction so open all year
Created 450 jobs and supports local services
Worth £10 million a year to the county
However, produces both traffic and noise pollution
Rust belt/Grimsby/Red Car
Grimsby:
- Function - change over time
- due to 3 Cod wars vs Iceland, the industry changed from fishing
- resulted in loss of jobs, limited supply of production, increased unemployment leading to negative multiplier effect
- By 2030 they aim for a vibrant town centre, green space, use of sea front/waterfront
- Aim to increase tourism and footfall
- £3.3million regeneration plan
Rust Belt:
- Michigan USA
- 50% population drop
- Poverty rates 38% - high
- Industry collapse causing a spiral of decline
- Deindustrialisation - inequality and deprivation, sink estates, postcode lottery
- need for regeneration - data = office of national statistics
Red Car:
Steel and coal industry decline
Raw materials exhaughsted over time
Reduction in foreign market overseas due to collapse of British Empire
Imports were costly so inland works closed
Olympic park
- Located in East London
- Olympic Games - regeneration/publicity
- Sports led regeneration
- provided accommodation for athletes, turned into flats for sale and rent
- Housing out of price range for locals due to gentrification - helping wealthy outsiders not locals
- Sports facilities built
- 500 acre brownfield area cleaned = created the largest urban park in Europe
- Suffered previously form deindustrialisation which caused deprivation
- 12,000 jobs created
- attracts FDI (foreign direct investment)
- Led to railway improvements
- Negatives = gentrification caused housing to not be affordable, 380 small businesses forced to relocate, new jobs created often went to people from outside the area (not locals)
Diversification of place - Glastonbury, Libern Farm
Glastonbury:
500 acres - “Worthy Farm”
changed from farming to festival
difference in opinion of success between locals
Libern farm:
diversification - tours, cheese shop locally produced
How can success be measured and what is is dependent on?
- Public engagement
- Public perception
- Age
- Gender
- Levels of education
- Lived experience
- SEEP factors (Social, Economic, Environmental, Political)
China and Africa (NEE and Superpower relations)
Two examples of the growing relationship between china and African nations:
- China - reliance on oil from Angola, Nigeria and Sudan (as well as other minerals)
- African countries - importing manufactured goods from china as well as FDI in roads/rail networks
China uses a form of neocolonialism that creates the appearance of partnership and trust, but is actually used to extract natural resources through soft power.
Challenges for Africa:
1. Debt - China’s loans to African countries are part of a strategy to trap them into debt and force them to give up control of their resources.
2. Corruption - There are accusations of increased corruption, bribery, and unfair business practices in Africa.
3. Prioritization of Chinese interests - Some say that China prioritizes its own interests over local needs
Opportunities which may result in gains for African nations include:
1. Economic growth - China’s investments have helped African countries diversify their economies, create jobs, and improve infrastructure.
2. Trade - China has provided a market for African products and has helped African countries increase their exports.
3. Technology - China has provided products and technologies to African countries.
The Middle East
The Middle East is an area loaded with conflict and tension.. There are a number of causes of instability. As we have said before, the issues are complex and may be difficult to comprehend.
6 million Syrians forced to flee due to neighbouring countries conflicts
Shifting centre of gravity
Asia is fast becoming a more dominant global region…
Population vs GDP shows population growth in Asia and overall decline in Europe and North America. GDP also shifts… rapid growth and change in dominance.
Oil in the Niger Delta
Background:
- British oil companies shell and bp were granted oil exploration in 1938
Pros:
- The nigerian government gained £10 billion a year from oil revenues
Cons:
- negligence from oil companies has led to feelings from locals that they have been cheated both environmentally and economically
- local people have barely benefitted from oil industry, rather they have suffered from environmental issues that impact their traditional means of livelihood (fishing and farming)
- infrastructure remains poor
root of problem is that the population of the delta is made up of many minority ethnic groups and the oil revenues are only going to the major ethnic groups, the yoruba
- major environmental impacts due to unattended oil spills as well as gas flares and frequent fires
Consequences:
- militant groups formed
- tensions rising and outbreak of violent protests are increasing
Land grabs in Kenya
caused by the irregular privatisation of public land - started by president Moi during his long term office (1978-2002) as a resource to use as bribes
85% of country relies on agriculture for livelihood
88% of population have access to less than 3 hectares of land
War on terror
The ongoing campaign by the USA and its allies to counter international terrorism, initiated by al-qaeda’s attacks on the world trade centre in New York and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001
Libya - military intervention
A recent example was the overthrow of president Gaddafi in Libya in 2011
They were guilty of abusing the human rights of many Libyan civilians in the course of maintaining their political grip on the country
A multi state coalition began military intervention in the form of an arms embargo and the imposition of a ‘no fly zone’ over the whole of Libya
This meant Gaddafi could not conduct airstrikes against those whic were trying to dislodge him from power
This did not involve sending troops, but air strikes were undertaken by British and drench air forces against Libyan army tanks and vehicles, and they secured the country’s air space ads well as its inshore waters so that there was no external support for Gaddafi’s forces
Gaddafi was deposed in 2011 but, since then - as in many of the countries involved in the Arab Spring - the removal of one regime has so destabilised the situation that rebel factions or militias are now fighting one another to gain the political upper hand
Russia in Ukraine
