regeneration project examples Flashcards
Retail led regeneration strategy style
The building of major shopping centers, which aim to be destinations rather than just places to shop.
Focus on economic gains through retail shoppers and food outlets.
Why does Liverpool need regeneration?
1800s One of the biggest port industries.
UK joined EU in 1973, trade changed. Liverpool on wrongside of country.
Failed to adapt to containerization.
50,000 redundancies in 1970s.
2009 24% Liverpool unemployed
Liverpool One shopping centre
160 stores, leisure facilities and dining areas.
Covers 42 acres of brownfield land.
Cost 1 Billion funded by Debenhams and John Lewis.
above average retail spend of £100 per visit.
Project Jennifer
Retail in Liverpool
St Modwen development company.
Sainsburys superstore, indoor and outdoor market hall.
Evaluation of Retail Led
Causes smaller scale independent businesses to close (Bold Street Closure Liverpool).
Vulnerable to online shopping.
Needs accessible infrastructure
Westfield Startford City
Retail led
2012, part of Olympic game legacy.
Together with Westfield London added 32,000 jobs and £4bn to the economy.
Profit to Olympics potential loss-leader.
Sports and leisure
strategy style
Building of permanent sporting venues, hosting temporary events and encouraging a range of leisure activities.
Pros of London Olympics 2012
Over 8,000 new homes in Athletes village. 1/3 affordable.
Over £9bn investment in transport including undergorund lines and high speed Javelin train to Kings Cross. Seconed most connected part of London.
Cons of London Olympic Games
Relocated 4,000 newts, 100 toads and 300 common lizards.
430 Residents in Clays Lane and Carpenters Lane were forced to move.
Participation in sports decreased.
Athens Olympic Games
Unsuccessful 2004 Spent double their budget. Left country in debt. Unused facilities Contributed to 2009 bankruptcy.
1992 Barcelona Olympic Games
Most successful Olympic Games ever.
Spent over 200 million on road construction including ring roads.
Redeveloped deprived areas and built hotels.
Image as a tourist destination.
Hotels never reach full capacity.
Sports led evaluation
Rebranding essential.
One time events depend on pre-advertising and media. - often inherit a brand e.g Olympics
Legacy important.
Urban heritage
strategy style
Takes advantage of interesting history such as industrial buildings and historical figures. Marketed as day trips and short breaks.
Bradford
Decline of UK woolen industry.
The Alhambra theatre - best preserved Edwardian theatre.
Saltaire village named UNESCO world heritage site, industrial museum with working mill and shire horses.
8 million visitors a year
Titanic Quarter Belfast
historic birthplace of Titanic.
Large scale waterfront regeneration.
Titanic Museum attracts over 3 million visitors.
Titanic Studios is one of Europes largest film studios attracting Game of Thrones. Employs over 6,000 people. Growth of media sector.
Ashington Woodhorn Museum
Former 19th coal mine now a museum and heritage center for local historic relics and art.
Pitmens painters exhibition and interactive colliery experience.
Visitors spend just below £30 a day
Urban heritage evaluation.
Requires distinct heritage.
Advertising and rebranding needed.
Profits can be seasonal as rely on tourists.
Easy to fund through National Lottery or UNESCO.
Urban culture strategy style.
Holding cultural events, cultural attractions or developing a niche area of culture with specific re-branding.
Tate Modern, London
Urban Culture
Former power station converted into National Museum of Modern Art.
Attractions, exhibitions and talks.
3.5 million visitors annually.
Estimated to be worth £100 million per annum
The Eden project, Cornwall
Culture
Botanical garden built on the site of an old China-clay mine.
Iconic building and Eden brand.
Visitors spend £5million annually.
95% of staff were recruited locally, 50% previously unemployed.
National Centre for Popular Music, Sheffield.
Steel crisis 1975 Urban Culture Large Museum with displays of music throughout the decades. Stand alone, no rebranding Open 6 months Creditors lost 90% of their investment.
Why did Stratford need regeneration?
London inequality, 7.8% unemployed, high population density, low GCSE grades. Large amounts of brownfield land including old abandoned buildings along river side.
Angel of the North
Urban culture
Made in 1998, originally unpopular.
Now used in local art and magazines.
1999 positive image when covered in Alan Sheere’s football shirt replica by Newcastle United Fans.
Rural heritage strategy style
Takes advantage of cultural heritage such as authors and events.
Image of speciality area
Form of tourism
Bronte Country
Rural heritage
Inspiration of Wuthering heights and Jane Eyre
Village of Haworth, birthplace and preserved cobble streets.
Bronte Parsonage museum receives 8,000 visitors per year, managed by Bronte Society Charity with funding from Arts Council England.
Last of the Summer Wine
1970s TV show set in West Yorkshire
Holmfirth village has Nora Batty’s cottage for holiday rental including cardboard cutout and TV style decorations.
Privately owned and advertised
Rural diversification strategy style
Shift from production based to more service based economy,
Setting up a niche area as alternative source of income.
Whitehouse Farm Morpeth
Northumberlands largest family run farm Animal petting- small large and exotic Birthday parties - unicorn, reptile, animalistic and birds of prey. Winter Santa's Enchanted Elf Journey Karting, soft play and cafe
Drone AG
‘Farmers who know drones’
Drones to spot disease and water crops.
Developed Skippy the scout app on mobile phone, selling services online.
Barn into business centre.
Country Barn Farm Shop
Family owned since 1915
Suffered from foot in mouth outbreak in 2001.
Opened cafe and restaurant specialising in meat and butchery product from their own livestock.
Closed in 2016
Powys regeneration fund
Welsh government and EU LEADER program.
Grants to sustainable rural development projects. e.g glamping, equine, welding
Over £4 million funding in 2 years helping 310 businesses
Rural outdoor pursuits
Strategy style
Maximises the appeal of landscapes alongside built activities.
Provides an escape from the urban rush.
Tourism
Rural tourism statistic
23% Euro holiday makers choose rural destinations.
Kielder Forest
ZipCoaster almost 200m long.
Kielder Winter Wonderland
Clay Pigeon shooting, Axe throwing and orienteering
Nine million visitors a year.
Wild bush craft company
Northern Ireland and Wales
Bushcraft and survival skills
Half day camping to four day survival courses
Popular for stag parties and youth groups.
‘Stalk to Folk’ courses
Coastal regeneration strategy style
Coastal areas rebrand to attract tourism
Why are coastal areas declining?
1960s rise of cheap international holidays
2/3 holiday cash spent abroad
Blackpool
Biggest single holiday destination in Europe
Please beach - 7 million visitors, family owned, Nickelodean Land and Pepsi Max the Big One.
Kiss me quickly, Squeeze me slowly - vulgar branding.
Why is Cornwall deprived?
6h by train to London
25% of wages below the national average
Why has farming declined in Cornwall?
Imports and falling revenues
EU milk half the price
Fishing decline in Cornwall
overfishing has caused stock decline
EU quotas to foreign trailers decreased catch
Mining decline in Cornwall
Foreign competition
Last tin mine closed in 1998
Quarrying decline in Cornwall
French TNC reduced work force to 800, moved to Brazil in 2015
Cool Cornwall
Branding due to Extreme Sports Water Academy
Targets young age group
skiing and surfing
Host International Northern Hemisphere Surfing Championships, with competitors from Australia and New Zealand
Foodie Cornwall
Diversification of the Cornish pasty under the EU law of Protected Geographical Indication since 2011.
Jamie Oliver Fifteen Restaurant trains NEETs to become chefs, benefits from celebrity image
Cornwall Heritage
BBC Poldark - mining
Du Maurier eleven day festival hosting authors, musicians and broadcasters.
South West Film Studios received funding from Objective One to build two film studios, failed and owner arrested for fraud.
Reading economic activity
Walker economic activity
R=29% professional occupations
R=£600 weekly earning
w= 10% unemployed, £400 weekly earnings, 23% maufacturing
Reading health v Walker health
2% long term sick or disabled = R
12% long term sick or disabled = W
Reading housing
Walker housing
60% owned
60% socially rented
Reading demographics
Walker demographics
12% Asian large amounts of foreign students
90% white, christian
Reading Education
Walker Education
43% level 4 qualification
44% no qualification
Reading global influences
Tourist sites e.g Windsor Castle
Global brands like Microsoft in Reading International Business Park
Reading International influences
10th in Europe for business investment including EU elevate me scheme.
Accessible by Heathrow airport and ferry to Europe
Reading National influences
south receives £2,500 per person to fund transport
Reading regional influences
Investment in tech industry led to £12 billion in turnover and 45,000 jobs
Located outside London greenbelt so development allowed.
Newcastle Global influences
Cheaper imports and decline of manufacturing due to globalisation
Newcastle international influences
NE receives £1.1 billion in EU investment in the last five years including Quayside regeneration fund (Baltic etc)
Newcastle National influences
Northern Powerhouse strategy aims to add £6 billion to the NE economy by 2030
1980s miners strikes combined with weaker trade unions and Thatchers economic policy led to a decline in coal and manufacturing
Newcastle regional influences
Focus on culture led regeneration
free ports and open door policy created temporary investment e.g Fujitsu vulnerable now they are leaving.
Success of San Francisco
hub for technology, software and bioscience
Twitter and Dropbox HQ
over 1,000 bioscience companies
Popular golden gate bridge attraction and branding as part of the “summer of Love” Hippie tourist destination.
Negatives in San Franciso
1st in California for economic inequality.
Housing crisis as result of gentrification and short demand, average = $1.25 million. more jobs than houses
Demand to improve infrastructure to less congested Central Valley
Success of Sydney
Alpha city
Leading financial sector for Asia Pacific region, many knowledge based jobs.
2/3 Australias HQ for TNCs
Climate sun belt city
Government polivy encourage globalisation and elite migration (deregulation of financial services, point based migration)
What are rust belts?
Once powerful US manufacturing regions declines due to global shift, characterised by low employment and derelict areas. suffered deindustrialisation.
Unsuccessful Urban areas statistics
Detroits population decreased by 1 million since 1950.
Red Car short term male unemployment near 100%, lost £70 million from annual wage economy.
Baltimore 20,000 derelict homes
Hartlepool unemployment twice the national average, 25% high street shops are empty.
Unsuccessful rural areas statistics
Cornwall 70% in Redruth one pay packet away from poverty.
Cornwall 1/3 residents claim benefits
Beattyville USA 1/3 teenagers dont graduate, 1/2 families live below the poverty line. Lower life expectancy.
Priorities for regeneration:
Declining rural settlements
Gated Communities
Sink Estates
Commuter settlement
Declining rural settlement example
Powys Wales - included in top 10% for access to service deprived including GP surgeries, food shops and primary schools. Limited broadband and mobile phone coverage.
Commuter settlement example
Located on M3 and railway close to London with a surrounding picturesque meadow
-ve house value close to £590,000 due to gentrification.
+ve young families support local schools and four pubs
Sink Estate example
Children born in council estates after 1970s are twice as likely to have mental health problems and eleven times more likely to be unemployed.
3/4 of convicted London rioters are from sink estates.
Gated communities example
Diagonal Mar - Barcelona, high levels of social conflict with neighbouring La Mina district who is cut off from beach by gates.
Bow Quarter London - 700 apartments, gym, bar and supermarket. Surrounded by Bow Road Sink Estate.
Election turnout data
2015 7.5 million eligible voters did not register
2019 national turnout = 67.3%
Factors influencing election turnout
Ethnicity Housing tenure Age Education Black males in deprived areas are the least likely to vote.
How does ethnicity influence election turnout?
White = 63%
Black= 52%
Feel marginalised, reduced feeling of belonging and involvement
How does housing tenure influence election turnout?
Owned = 70%
social rented = 52%
How does age influence election turnout?
18-24 = 47% 65+ = 74%
How does education influence election turnout?
Degree = 69%
no qualifications = 59%
Manchester and Cumbria election turnout comparison.
Turnout higher in Cumbria,
Cumbria (75%) is a sparsely populated market town, higher mean age and lower deprivation. Only 2% non white.
Manchester (50%) has a younger more deprived population. One quarter of the population is non white.
What happened in the London riots 2011?
In August police shot and killed black man Mark Duggan believing he was carrying a gun.
Family and 300 supporters organised a peaceful protest which developed into violence with looting, police officers being attacked and public bus set on fire.
‘Copycat criminality’ spread from Tottenham to Birmingham
Cause figures of the London riots
feeling of opportunity, marginalised. lack of involvement in the community.
75% rioters came from post war sink estates
Majority of looters were under 20
Tottenham 53% of residents are non-white
Cut back to Educational maintenance allowance, teenagers claiming job seeker allowance.
Engagement in Coin Street
how?
Middle level engagement
1970s locals disagreed with government regeneration plans, bought land and created Coin Street Community builders. Provides affordable co-op housing.
Grown in size the now offer community activities and riverside walkway and gardens
Engagement in Coin Street.
Why?
Feeling marginalised and anti-establishment, strong sense of inner community.
in 1970s population fell to 1/10 the original amount closing schools and services.
90% houses were socially rented.
Engagement in Lower Falinge Estate, Rochdale
how?
Low level engagement
2019 Community engagement day, council organised stalls and entertainment including NHS and fire engine
Lower Falinge Activity group provides art and homework club for children.
Engagement in Lower Falinge Estate, Rochdale
why?
highest level of deprivation in Manchester,
45% are economically inactive.
small amount of houses are owned.
Engagement in Grampound, Cornwall
how?
Raised over £50,000 for local community shop, majority of 280 stakeholders are local residents. Helped win UKs best community in the SW in 2008.
2013 Parish council election turnout twice the national average.
Engagement in Grampound, Cornwall
why?
25% of the population aged 65
1/3 households single people
Motivated by social isolation and large amounts of commuters to make a desirable community.
Factors influencing levels of engagement
Key words
Lived experience
Membership - feeling of belonging
Influence - sense of playing a part
HS2 what is it?
A government planned and funded high speed rail network.
Started construction in 2018
Intends to link London to Birmingham then Manchester/ Sheffield.
Positives of HS2
+ve transfer 4.5 million journeys from the air and 9 million from the road annually.
+ve reduced journey times between London and Edinburgh by over 3 hours
+ve provide of 60,000 construction jobs
+ve Old Oak common deprived area in London to receive 20,000 jobs
Negatives of HS2
- ve 900 homes, 1000 businesses and 60 woodlands destroyed
- ve 70% of jobs in London
- ve estimated to finish until 2040 and cost over £100bn
- ve top speed of 360kmph, Japan testing bullet train at 603 kmph
The Department for Communities and Local Governments
Aims to create great places to live and work.
Empower local people through devolution of power
Responsible for housing supply and providing public services.
Aim to build 300,000 homes a year by 2020
What are local enterprise schemes?
Organised by government in 2011
Voluntary partnerships between local businesses and authorities to find local economic priorities for growth and job creation
38 partnerships in the UK.
D2N2 built Nottingham City Hub in 2020, student hub provides jobs in cafes, restaurants and performing arts.
Department for Culture media and Sport
Promotes the UKs image abroad, protects cultural and artistic heritage.
Aims to increase international trade by promoting shared world values and increasing digital connectivity.
Organised the Great Exhibition of the North Event in 2018 celebrating culture in Newcastle and Gateshead.
Funded Tate Modern
Department for environmental and rural affairs.
Responsible for safeguarding the natural environment, supporting primary industries and creating sustainable rural communities against globalisation and climate change.
Include National Park Authorities and Environment Agency
2016 25 year environment plan aims to decrease pollution and protect species.
UK Trade and Investment
Help UK business export and grow into global markets, help overseas companies locate and grow in the UK encouraging inward investment.
Involved with encouraging Nissan into Sunderland, emplying 6,000 directly.
Regeneration and Investment Organisation
leads large scale flagship regeneration projects
building large scale architecture.
Aims to re-brand a location
2015 ran 40 large scale projects costing over £100 million.
Manchester Life, aims to build 1000 sustainable homes on brownfield site.
How does UK government policy effect regeneration?
Infrastructure investment
Rate and type of development (planning laws, house building targets, permission for fracking)
international migration
deregulation of capital markets.
Government policy
greenbelt
Cover 12% of land in England
Preserves rural image.
Prevents inner city development, deters investment and blamed for housing shortage.
Manchester developed one quarter of greenbelt
Government policy
immigration
1997-2010 labour pro immigration
2010 + conservative - good immigration not mass immigration
Immigrants provide economic growth and can re balance the ageing population.
UK point based system.
Government policy
Deregulation
1986 deregulation of the City of London, removed monopolies.
Businesses moved into London dockland
2008 Banking made 30% of UK GDP
encourages foreign direct investment and TNC headquarters.
Government policy
Local policy
Creation of science parks,
Attractive environments for businesses, skilled workers and investment
Cambridge science park golden triangle, 1970s AstraZeneca.
Government policy
Planning laws
Decides how land is used ‘place marketing’ essential to rebranding.
2010 Government National Planning Policy focused on economic growth.
Planning gain approach, only allowed in benefits community
Slow and costly can deter investment
Government Policy
Fracking
Increasing permission for energy security and GDP
2015 fast track licenses
2013 Cuadrilla resources had licences for ten sites
Opposed by antifracking groups.
Government policy
House building
1990s building targets set for local authorities.
2011 localism act abolished regional planning, local governments in charge of house supply, lack of affordable.
conservatives right to buy scheme sold 2 million council homes 1980-1995.
Olympic Games stakeholders
London Legacy Development Coroporation
Government funded, oversee legacy of the games including the venue use, increasing employment and potential housing.
Olympic Games stakeholders
Mayor of London and London Assembly
Effective transport during the games,
Expansion of housing
London economy after 2012
Olympic Games stakeholders
Local Councils
Evaluate the needs of the locals
Long term development and economic growth
No control over planning regulations
Olympic Games stakeholders
Local companies
Minimum disruption
Increased business turnover, employment and customer numbers
Olympic Games stakeholders
Environmental stakeholders
Focus on the living environment
Biodiversity, pollution and preservation
Olympic Games stakeholders
Local residents
Minimum disruption
Affordable housing, sense of community, opportunities and an attractive environment.
Economic benefits of the Olympic games
By 2017 number of businesses doubled
Work-less decreased to 13%, larger decrease than rest of UK.
Benefit claimants halved between 2012 and 2017
4% increase in visitor spend
Economic losses of the Olympic Games
Does not want a job increased to 83.3% of work-less
Low job density of 0.48
Cost more than double it budget.
Social benefits of the Olympic games
81% of people believed views on disability improved
560 acres parkland with trials, play areas and cycling routes opened to public.
1/2 the amount of people with no qualifications
Female life expectancy increased by 4 years between 200 and 2017
Social costs of the Olympic Games
Gentrification housing prices increased in Newham by 85%, ‘affordable’ houses asking £470,000.
450 Residents from Clays lane were displaced breaking up the community, promise to rehome was not kept.
Environmental benefits of the Olympic Games
Prior to construction cleaned 2.3 million cm3 of contaminated land.
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park had new wetlands with breeding boxes and nesting sites.
Environmental costs of the Olympic Games
Games produced 3 mill tonnes of CO2
Rehoming 4,000 newts, 300 lizards and 100 toads
Olympic Games negative impact on businesses
207 companies compensated to move including oldest Samon smokery in London.
Westfield shopping centre caused West End shops and small Oxford kiosks to close.
How much did the Olympic Games earn in international trade and inward investment?
£9.9 billion
Stakeholder Cornwall
local people
+ve Superfast broadband, 2016 95% of residents had fibre broadband, decreases isolation
-ve Eden project, expensive tickets £15 per adult with local discount
Stakeholder Cornwall
Local government
+ve Eden Project, 90% of staff recruited locally, eden brand, £5 million on site
-ve Newquay Aerohub only generated 450 jobs, most just relocated businesses, not economically viable
Stakeholder Cornwall
Environmentalists
+Eden project, built on old clay mine.
-ve Eden project, visitors cause congestion and pollution, generates more CO2 than local village Austell.
Stakeholder Cornwall
Local businesses
+ve Superfast broadband promotes knowledge based economy and footloose businesses.
+ve Eden project 90% food is locally sourced, multiplier effect spend £4 million off site
-ve Jamie Oliver fifteen Restaurant, celebrity brand takes away from local businesses.
Stakeholder Cornwall
Young economically active
+ve Combine Universities Cornwall 4,000 jobs by 2025, 4 universities help graduates set up businesses or establish jobs in the knowledge economy.
+ve Extreme Water sports and Jamie Oliver, reduces youth unemployment
-ve heritage branding does not suit young image.
Percentage of jobs in the different economic sectors
primary = 1%
tertiary = 80%
Old economy jobs halved between 1980 and 2015
Knowledge economy
5 million new jobs between 1980 and 2015
Type of employment
25% of people work part time
zero hours - McDonalds and Weatherspoons.
Functions of a place
Administrative - local authority who run services and national government
Commercial - shopping centres, leisure and recreation
Retail - selling goods to consumers
Industrial - manufacturing commodities
Demographics of a place
Gentrification - london soho etc
Age structure - Urban 37, rural 43
Ethnic composition England 86% white
Studentification - Manchester largest student population, Belfast 50% surrounding housing student
Ways to measure change
employment trends
land use
levels of deprivation
Reasons for change
physical factors
accessibility and connectedness
historical planning
the role of local and national planning
