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Geography A Level Paper 2 > regeneration project examples > Flashcards

regeneration project examples Flashcards

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1
Q

Retail led regeneration strategy style

A

The building of major shopping centers, which aim to be destinations rather than just places to shop.
Focus on economic gains through retail shoppers and food outlets.

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2
Q

Why does Liverpool need regeneration?

A

1800s One of the biggest port industries.
UK joined EU in 1973, trade changed. Liverpool on wrongside of country.
Failed to adapt to containerization.
50,000 redundancies in 1970s.
2009 24% Liverpool unemployed

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3
Q

Liverpool One shopping centre

A

160 stores, leisure facilities and dining areas.
Covers 42 acres of brownfield land.
Cost 1 Billion funded by Debenhams and John Lewis.
above average retail spend of £100 per visit.

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4
Q

Project Jennifer

A

Retail in Liverpool
St Modwen development company.
Sainsburys superstore, indoor and outdoor market hall.

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5
Q

Evaluation of Retail Led

A

Causes smaller scale independent businesses to close (Bold Street Closure Liverpool).
Vulnerable to online shopping.
Needs accessible infrastructure

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6
Q

Westfield Startford City

A

Retail led
2012, part of Olympic game legacy.
Together with Westfield London added 32,000 jobs and £4bn to the economy.
Profit to Olympics potential loss-leader.

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7
Q

Sports and leisure

strategy style

A

Building of permanent sporting venues, hosting temporary events and encouraging a range of leisure activities.

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8
Q

Pros of London Olympics 2012

A

Over 8,000 new homes in Athletes village. 1/3 affordable.
Over £9bn investment in transport including undergorund lines and high speed Javelin train to Kings Cross. Seconed most connected part of London.

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9
Q

Cons of London Olympic Games

A

Relocated 4,000 newts, 100 toads and 300 common lizards.
430 Residents in Clays Lane and Carpenters Lane were forced to move.
Participation in sports decreased.

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10
Q

Athens Olympic Games

A 
Unsuccessful
2004
Spent double their budget.
Left country in debt.
Unused facilities
Contributed to 2009 bankruptcy.
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11
Q

1992 Barcelona Olympic Games

A

Most successful Olympic Games ever.
Spent over 200 million on road construction including ring roads.
Redeveloped deprived areas and built hotels.
Image as a tourist destination.
Hotels never reach full capacity.

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12
Q

Sports led evaluation

A

Rebranding essential.
One time events depend on pre-advertising and media. - often inherit a brand e.g Olympics
Legacy important.

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13
Q

Urban heritage

strategy style

A

Takes advantage of interesting history such as industrial buildings and historical figures. Marketed as day trips and short breaks.

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14
Q

Bradford

A

Decline of UK woolen industry.
The Alhambra theatre - best preserved Edwardian theatre.
Saltaire village named UNESCO world heritage site, industrial museum with working mill and shire horses.
8 million visitors a year

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15
Q

Titanic Quarter Belfast

A

historic birthplace of Titanic.
Large scale waterfront regeneration.
Titanic Museum attracts over 3 million visitors.
Titanic Studios is one of Europes largest film studios attracting Game of Thrones. Employs over 6,000 people. Growth of media sector.

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16
Q

Ashington Woodhorn Museum

A

Former 19th coal mine now a museum and heritage center for local historic relics and art.
Pitmens painters exhibition and interactive colliery experience.
Visitors spend just below £30 a day

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17
Q

Urban heritage evaluation.

A

Requires distinct heritage.
Advertising and rebranding needed.
Profits can be seasonal as rely on tourists.
Easy to fund through National Lottery or UNESCO.

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18
Q

Urban culture strategy style.

A

Holding cultural events, cultural attractions or developing a niche area of culture with specific re-branding.

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19
Q

Tate Modern, London

A

Urban Culture
Former power station converted into National Museum of Modern Art.
Attractions, exhibitions and talks.
3.5 million visitors annually.
Estimated to be worth £100 million per annum

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20
Q

The Eden project, Cornwall

A

Culture
Botanical garden built on the site of an old China-clay mine.
Iconic building and Eden brand.
Visitors spend £5million annually.
95% of staff were recruited locally, 50% previously unemployed.

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21
Q

National Centre for Popular Music, Sheffield.

A 
Steel crisis 1975
Urban Culture
Large Museum with displays of music throughout the decades.
Stand alone, no rebranding
Open 6 months
Creditors lost 90% of their investment.
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22
Q

Why did Stratford need regeneration?

A

London inequality, 7.8% unemployed, high population density, low GCSE grades. Large amounts of brownfield land including old abandoned buildings along river side.

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23
Q

Angel of the North

A

Urban culture
Made in 1998, originally unpopular.
Now used in local art and magazines.
1999 positive image when covered in Alan Sheere’s football shirt replica by Newcastle United Fans.

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24
Q

Rural heritage strategy style

A

Takes advantage of cultural heritage such as authors and events.
Image of speciality area
Form of tourism

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25
Q

Bronte Country

A

Rural heritage
Inspiration of Wuthering heights and Jane Eyre
Village of Haworth, birthplace and preserved cobble streets.
Bronte Parsonage museum receives 8,000 visitors per year, managed by Bronte Society Charity with funding from Arts Council England.

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26
Q

Last of the Summer Wine

A

1970s TV show set in West Yorkshire
Holmfirth village has Nora Batty’s cottage for holiday rental including cardboard cutout and TV style decorations.
Privately owned and advertised

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27
Q

Rural diversification strategy style

A

Shift from production based to more service based economy,

Setting up a niche area as alternative source of income.

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28
Q

Whitehouse Farm Morpeth

A 
Northumberlands largest family run farm
Animal petting- small large and exotic
Birthday parties - unicorn, reptile, animalistic and birds of prey.
Winter Santa's Enchanted Elf Journey
Karting, soft play and cafe
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29
Q

Drone AG

A

‘Farmers who know drones’
Drones to spot disease and water crops.
Developed Skippy the scout app on mobile phone, selling services online.
Barn into business centre.

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30
Q

Country Barn Farm Shop

A

Family owned since 1915
Suffered from foot in mouth outbreak in 2001.
Opened cafe and restaurant specialising in meat and butchery product from their own livestock.
Closed in 2016

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31
Q

Powys regeneration fund

A

Welsh government and EU LEADER program.
Grants to sustainable rural development projects. e.g glamping, equine, welding
Over £4 million funding in 2 years helping 310 businesses

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32
Q

Rural outdoor pursuits

Strategy style

A

Maximises the appeal of landscapes alongside built activities.
Provides an escape from the urban rush.
Tourism

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33
Q

Rural tourism statistic

A

23% Euro holiday makers choose rural destinations.

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34
Q

Kielder Forest

A

ZipCoaster almost 200m long.
Kielder Winter Wonderland
Clay Pigeon shooting, Axe throwing and orienteering
Nine million visitors a year.

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35
Q

Wild bush craft company

A

Northern Ireland and Wales
Bushcraft and survival skills
Half day camping to four day survival courses
Popular for stag parties and youth groups.
‘Stalk to Folk’ courses

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36
Q

Coastal regeneration strategy style

A

Coastal areas rebrand to attract tourism

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37
Q

Why are coastal areas declining?

A

1960s rise of cheap international holidays

2/3 holiday cash spent abroad

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38
Q

Blackpool

A

Biggest single holiday destination in Europe
Please beach - 7 million visitors, family owned, Nickelodean Land and Pepsi Max the Big One.
Kiss me quickly, Squeeze me slowly - vulgar branding.

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39
Q

Why is Cornwall deprived?

A

6h by train to London

25% of wages below the national average

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40
Q

Why has farming declined in Cornwall?

A

Imports and falling revenues

EU milk half the price

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41
Q

Fishing decline in Cornwall

A

overfishing has caused stock decline

EU quotas to foreign trailers decreased catch

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42
Q

Mining decline in Cornwall

A

Foreign competition

Last tin mine closed in 1998

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43
Q

Quarrying decline in Cornwall

A

French TNC reduced work force to 800, moved to Brazil in 2015

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44
Q

Cool Cornwall

A

Branding due to Extreme Sports Water Academy
Targets young age group
skiing and surfing
Host International Northern Hemisphere Surfing Championships, with competitors from Australia and New Zealand

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45
Q

Foodie Cornwall

A

Diversification of the Cornish pasty under the EU law of Protected Geographical Indication since 2011.
Jamie Oliver Fifteen Restaurant trains NEETs to become chefs, benefits from celebrity image

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46
Q

Cornwall Heritage

A

BBC Poldark - mining
Du Maurier eleven day festival hosting authors, musicians and broadcasters.
South West Film Studios received funding from Objective One to build two film studios, failed and owner arrested for fraud.

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47
Q

Reading economic activity

Walker economic activity

A

R=29% professional occupations
R=£600 weekly earning
w= 10% unemployed, £400 weekly earnings, 23% maufacturing

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48
Q

Reading health v Walker health

A

2% long term sick or disabled = R

12% long term sick or disabled = W

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49
Q

Reading housing

Walker housing

A

60% owned

60% socially rented

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50
Q

Reading demographics

Walker demographics

A

12% Asian large amounts of foreign students

90% white, christian

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51
Q

Reading Education

Walker Education

A

43% level 4 qualification

44% no qualification

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52
Q

Reading global influences

A

Tourist sites e.g Windsor Castle

Global brands like Microsoft in Reading International Business Park

53
Q

Reading International influences

A

10th in Europe for business investment including EU elevate me scheme.
Accessible by Heathrow airport and ferry to Europe

54
Q

Reading National influences

A

south receives £2,500 per person to fund transport

55
Q

Reading regional influences

A

Investment in tech industry led to £12 billion in turnover and 45,000 jobs
Located outside London greenbelt so development allowed.

56
Q

Newcastle Global influences

A

Cheaper imports and decline of manufacturing due to globalisation

57
Q

Newcastle international influences

A

NE receives £1.1 billion in EU investment in the last five years including Quayside regeneration fund (Baltic etc)

58
Q

Newcastle National influences

A

Northern Powerhouse strategy aims to add £6 billion to the NE economy by 2030
1980s miners strikes combined with weaker trade unions and Thatchers economic policy led to a decline in coal and manufacturing

59
Q

Newcastle regional influences

A

Focus on culture led regeneration

free ports and open door policy created temporary investment e.g Fujitsu vulnerable now they are leaving.

60
Q

Success of San Francisco

A

hub for technology, software and bioscience
Twitter and Dropbox HQ
over 1,000 bioscience companies
Popular golden gate bridge attraction and branding as part of the “summer of Love” Hippie tourist destination.

61
Q

Negatives in San Franciso

A

1st in California for economic inequality.
Housing crisis as result of gentrification and short demand, average = $1.25 million. more jobs than houses
Demand to improve infrastructure to less congested Central Valley

62
Q

Success of Sydney

A

Alpha city
Leading financial sector for Asia Pacific region, many knowledge based jobs.
2/3 Australias HQ for TNCs
Climate sun belt city
Government polivy encourage globalisation and elite migration (deregulation of financial services, point based migration)

63
Q

What are rust belts?

A

Once powerful US manufacturing regions declines due to global shift, characterised by low employment and derelict areas. suffered deindustrialisation.

64
Q

Unsuccessful Urban areas statistics

A

Detroits population decreased by 1 million since 1950.
Red Car short term male unemployment near 100%, lost £70 million from annual wage economy.
Baltimore 20,000 derelict homes
Hartlepool unemployment twice the national average, 25% high street shops are empty.

65
Q

Unsuccessful rural areas statistics

A

Cornwall 70% in Redruth one pay packet away from poverty.
Cornwall 1/3 residents claim benefits
Beattyville USA 1/3 teenagers dont graduate, 1/2 families live below the poverty line. Lower life expectancy.

66
Q

Priorities for regeneration:

A

Declining rural settlements
Gated Communities
Sink Estates
Commuter settlement

67
Q

Declining rural settlement example

A

Powys Wales - included in top 10% for access to service deprived including GP surgeries, food shops and primary schools. Limited broadband and mobile phone coverage.

68
Q

Commuter settlement example

A

Located on M3 and railway close to London with a surrounding picturesque meadow
-ve house value close to £590,000 due to gentrification.
+ve young families support local schools and four pubs

69
Q

Sink Estate example

A

Children born in council estates after 1970s are twice as likely to have mental health problems and eleven times more likely to be unemployed.
3/4 of convicted London rioters are from sink estates.

70
Q

Gated communities example

A

Diagonal Mar - Barcelona, high levels of social conflict with neighbouring La Mina district who is cut off from beach by gates.
Bow Quarter London - 700 apartments, gym, bar and supermarket. Surrounded by Bow Road Sink Estate.

71
Q

Election turnout data

A

2015 7.5 million eligible voters did not register

2019 national turnout = 67.3%

72
Q

Factors influencing election turnout

A 
Ethnicity
Housing tenure
Age
Education
Black males in deprived areas are the least likely to vote.
73
Q

How does ethnicity influence election turnout?

A

White = 63%
Black= 52%
Feel marginalised, reduced feeling of belonging and involvement

74
Q

How does housing tenure influence election turnout?

A

Owned = 70%

social rented = 52%

75
Q

How does age influence election turnout?

A 
18-24 = 47%
65+ = 74%
76
Q

How does education influence election turnout?

A

Degree = 69%

no qualifications = 59%

77
Q

Manchester and Cumbria election turnout comparison.

A

Turnout higher in Cumbria,
Cumbria (75%) is a sparsely populated market town, higher mean age and lower deprivation. Only 2% non white.
Manchester (50%) has a younger more deprived population. One quarter of the population is non white.

78
Q

What happened in the London riots 2011?

A

In August police shot and killed black man Mark Duggan believing he was carrying a gun.
Family and 300 supporters organised a peaceful protest which developed into violence with looting, police officers being attacked and public bus set on fire.
‘Copycat criminality’ spread from Tottenham to Birmingham

79
Q

Cause figures of the London riots

A

feeling of opportunity, marginalised. lack of involvement in the community.
75% rioters came from post war sink estates
Majority of looters were under 20
Tottenham 53% of residents are non-white
Cut back to Educational maintenance allowance, teenagers claiming job seeker allowance.

80
Q

Engagement in Coin Street

how?

A

Middle level engagement
1970s locals disagreed with government regeneration plans, bought land and created Coin Street Community builders. Provides affordable co-op housing.
Grown in size the now offer community activities and riverside walkway and gardens

81
Q

Engagement in Coin Street.

Why?

A

Feeling marginalised and anti-establishment, strong sense of inner community.
in 1970s population fell to 1/10 the original amount closing schools and services.
90% houses were socially rented.

82
Q

Engagement in Lower Falinge Estate, Rochdale

how?

A

Low level engagement
2019 Community engagement day, council organised stalls and entertainment including NHS and fire engine
Lower Falinge Activity group provides art and homework club for children.

83
Q

Engagement in Lower Falinge Estate, Rochdale

why?

A

highest level of deprivation in Manchester,
45% are economically inactive.
small amount of houses are owned.

84
Q

Engagement in Grampound, Cornwall

how?

A

Raised over £50,000 for local community shop, majority of 280 stakeholders are local residents. Helped win UKs best community in the SW in 2008.
2013 Parish council election turnout twice the national average.

85
Q

Engagement in Grampound, Cornwall

why?

A

25% of the population aged 65
1/3 households single people
Motivated by social isolation and large amounts of commuters to make a desirable community.

86
Q

Factors influencing levels of engagement

Key words

A

Lived experience
Membership - feeling of belonging
Influence - sense of playing a part

87
Q

HS2 what is it?

A

A government planned and funded high speed rail network.
Started construction in 2018
Intends to link London to Birmingham then Manchester/ Sheffield.

88
Q

Positives of HS2

A

+ve transfer 4.5 million journeys from the air and 9 million from the road annually.
+ve reduced journey times between London and Edinburgh by over 3 hours
+ve provide of 60,000 construction jobs
+ve Old Oak common deprived area in London to receive 20,000 jobs

89
Q

Negatives of HS2

A
  • ve 900 homes, 1000 businesses and 60 woodlands destroyed
  • ve 70% of jobs in London
  • ve estimated to finish until 2040 and cost over £100bn
  • ve top speed of 360kmph, Japan testing bullet train at 603 kmph
90
Q

The Department for Communities and Local Governments

A

Aims to create great places to live and work.
Empower local people through devolution of power
Responsible for housing supply and providing public services.
Aim to build 300,000 homes a year by 2020

91
Q

What are local enterprise schemes?

A

Organised by government in 2011
Voluntary partnerships between local businesses and authorities to find local economic priorities for growth and job creation
38 partnerships in the UK.
D2N2 built Nottingham City Hub in 2020, student hub provides jobs in cafes, restaurants and performing arts.

92
Q

Department for Culture media and Sport

A

Promotes the UKs image abroad, protects cultural and artistic heritage.
Aims to increase international trade by promoting shared world values and increasing digital connectivity.
Organised the Great Exhibition of the North Event in 2018 celebrating culture in Newcastle and Gateshead.
Funded Tate Modern

93
Q

Department for environmental and rural affairs.

A

Responsible for safeguarding the natural environment, supporting primary industries and creating sustainable rural communities against globalisation and climate change.
Include National Park Authorities and Environment Agency
2016 25 year environment plan aims to decrease pollution and protect species.

94
Q

UK Trade and Investment

A

Help UK business export and grow into global markets, help overseas companies locate and grow in the UK encouraging inward investment.
Involved with encouraging Nissan into Sunderland, emplying 6,000 directly.

95
Q

Regeneration and Investment Organisation

A

leads large scale flagship regeneration projects
building large scale architecture.
Aims to re-brand a location
2015 ran 40 large scale projects costing over £100 million.
Manchester Life, aims to build 1000 sustainable homes on brownfield site.

96
Q

How does UK government policy effect regeneration?

A

Infrastructure investment
Rate and type of development (planning laws, house building targets, permission for fracking)
international migration
deregulation of capital markets.

97
Q

Government policy

greenbelt

A

Cover 12% of land in England
Preserves rural image.
Prevents inner city development, deters investment and blamed for housing shortage.
Manchester developed one quarter of greenbelt

98
Q

Government policy

immigration

A

1997-2010 labour pro immigration
2010 + conservative - good immigration not mass immigration
Immigrants provide economic growth and can re balance the ageing population.
UK point based system.

99
Q

Government policy

Deregulation

A

1986 deregulation of the City of London, removed monopolies.
Businesses moved into London dockland
2008 Banking made 30% of UK GDP
encourages foreign direct investment and TNC headquarters.

100
Q

Government policy

Local policy

A

Creation of science parks,
Attractive environments for businesses, skilled workers and investment
Cambridge science park golden triangle, 1970s AstraZeneca.

101
Q

Government policy

Planning laws

A

Decides how land is used ‘place marketing’ essential to rebranding.
2010 Government National Planning Policy focused on economic growth.
Planning gain approach, only allowed in benefits community
Slow and costly can deter investment

102
Q

Government Policy

Fracking

A

Increasing permission for energy security and GDP
2015 fast track licenses
2013 Cuadrilla resources had licences for ten sites
Opposed by antifracking groups.

103
Q

Government policy

House building

A

1990s building targets set for local authorities.
2011 localism act abolished regional planning, local governments in charge of house supply, lack of affordable.
conservatives right to buy scheme sold 2 million council homes 1980-1995.

104
Q

Olympic Games stakeholders

London Legacy Development Coroporation

A

Government funded, oversee legacy of the games including the venue use, increasing employment and potential housing.

105
Q

Olympic Games stakeholders

Mayor of London and London Assembly

A

Effective transport during the games,
Expansion of housing
London economy after 2012

106
Q

Olympic Games stakeholders

Local Councils

A

Evaluate the needs of the locals
Long term development and economic growth
No control over planning regulations

107
Q

Olympic Games stakeholders

Local companies

A

Minimum disruption

Increased business turnover, employment and customer numbers

108
Q

Olympic Games stakeholders

Environmental stakeholders

A

Focus on the living environment

Biodiversity, pollution and preservation

109
Q

Olympic Games stakeholders

Local residents

A

Minimum disruption

Affordable housing, sense of community, opportunities and an attractive environment.

110
Q

Economic benefits of the Olympic games

A

By 2017 number of businesses doubled
Work-less decreased to 13%, larger decrease than rest of UK.
Benefit claimants halved between 2012 and 2017
4% increase in visitor spend

111
Q

Economic losses of the Olympic Games

A

Does not want a job increased to 83.3% of work-less
Low job density of 0.48
Cost more than double it budget.

112
Q

Social benefits of the Olympic games

A

81% of people believed views on disability improved
560 acres parkland with trials, play areas and cycling routes opened to public.
1/2 the amount of people with no qualifications
Female life expectancy increased by 4 years between 200 and 2017

113
Q

Social costs of the Olympic Games

A

Gentrification housing prices increased in Newham by 85%, ‘affordable’ houses asking £470,000.
450 Residents from Clays lane were displaced breaking up the community, promise to rehome was not kept.

114
Q

Environmental benefits of the Olympic Games

A

Prior to construction cleaned 2.3 million cm3 of contaminated land.
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park had new wetlands with breeding boxes and nesting sites.

115
Q

Environmental costs of the Olympic Games

A

Games produced 3 mill tonnes of CO2

Rehoming 4,000 newts, 300 lizards and 100 toads

116
Q

Olympic Games negative impact on businesses

A

207 companies compensated to move including oldest Samon smokery in London.
Westfield shopping centre caused West End shops and small Oxford kiosks to close.

117
Q

How much did the Olympic Games earn in international trade and inward investment?

A

£9.9 billion

118
Q

Stakeholder Cornwall

local people

A

+ve Superfast broadband, 2016 95% of residents had fibre broadband, decreases isolation
-ve Eden project, expensive tickets £15 per adult with local discount

119
Q

Stakeholder Cornwall

Local government

A

+ve Eden Project, 90% of staff recruited locally, eden brand, £5 million on site
-ve Newquay Aerohub only generated 450 jobs, most just relocated businesses, not economically viable

120
Q

Stakeholder Cornwall

Environmentalists

A

+Eden project, built on old clay mine.

-ve Eden project, visitors cause congestion and pollution, generates more CO2 than local village Austell.

121
Q

Stakeholder Cornwall

Local businesses

A

+ve Superfast broadband promotes knowledge based economy and footloose businesses.
+ve Eden project 90% food is locally sourced, multiplier effect spend £4 million off site
-ve Jamie Oliver fifteen Restaurant, celebrity brand takes away from local businesses.

122
Q

Stakeholder Cornwall

Young economically active

A

+ve Combine Universities Cornwall 4,000 jobs by 2025, 4 universities help graduates set up businesses or establish jobs in the knowledge economy.
+ve Extreme Water sports and Jamie Oliver, reduces youth unemployment
-ve heritage branding does not suit young image.

123
Q

Percentage of jobs in the different economic sectors

A

primary = 1%
tertiary = 80%
Old economy jobs halved between 1980 and 2015

124
Q

Knowledge economy

A

5 million new jobs between 1980 and 2015

125
Q

Type of employment

A

25% of people work part time

zero hours - McDonalds and Weatherspoons.

126
Q

Functions of a place

A

Administrative - local authority who run services and national government
Commercial - shopping centres, leisure and recreation
Retail - selling goods to consumers
Industrial - manufacturing commodities

127
Q

Demographics of a place

A

Gentrification - london soho etc
Age structure - Urban 37, rural 43
Ethnic composition England 86% white
Studentification - Manchester largest student population, Belfast 50% surrounding housing student

128
Q

Ways to measure change

A

employment trends
land use
levels of deprivation

129
Q

Reasons for change

A

physical factors
accessibility and connectedness
historical planning
the role of local and national planning

Geography A Level Paper 2 (10 decks)

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