Health and Human Rights EQ1 Flashcards
What is GDP? pros and cons?
What countries have the highest rankings?
Economic indicator.
GDP = the total value of all goods and services produced within a countries border within a year.
Used expressed per capita to make up for variations in population size.
Is an average so hides inequality.
Does not include informal economy, subsistence farming makes up 90% of worlds farming.
Highest ranking: Qatar, Luxemburg, Singapore.
What is GNI?
Economic Measure
Gross National Income
same as GDP but also includes taxes and income from oversees investments.
More accurate for developed countries that earn a lot of their wealth from TNCs in other countries.
Average so hides inequality.
Does not include the informal economy.
What are the traditional ways of measuring development?
Economic indicators such as GDP and GNI.
What is the Happy Planet Index?
More composite indicator of development.
Considers wellbeing, life expectancy, inequality of outcomes and ecological footprint.
Pros= more holistic
Cons= subject to survey opinion, ‘wellbeing’ is difficult to measure, only updates every five years.
Top countries include: Costa Rica, Mexico and Columbia
Bottom: Afganistan, Mongolia
What is the human development index?
A composite indicator developed by the UN
Considers life expectancy, GNI and mean years of schooling.
All 22 countries in the low section are in sub-saharan Africa.
Highest countries are Norway Australia and Sweden.
What are some ways of measuring social development?
Life expectancy Education rates People per doctor Access to safe water. Birth rate.
What are some ways of measuring environmental development?
Ecological footprint
Environmental Quality index
Included in Happy Planet Index.
What are some ways of measuring political development?
Corruption perception index
Human Freedom Index
How does Sharia law challenges traditional development?
Measures success of development against religious rules as set out in the Quran.
Islamic law influences the states law on marriage, inheritance, punishment etc.
Parallel system to western countries, mainly Christian or secular.
2018 Suadi Arabia was the only country in the world where women were not allowed to drive.
Punishments include amputation for theft and stoned to death for adultery.
What challenges does Sharia law have for development?
Slower social development, with large inequality for women and certain ethinc groups.
Present in some of the poorest countries in the world including Afganistan and Yemen,
Deters FDI from western TNCs.
What are the views in Bolivia under Evo Morales?
Anti-colonialization rhetoric.
Socialist government and development plan.
Evo Morales is the first indigenous president
Expolits Bolivia natural gas and minerals and shares the wealth amongst the population.
Law of Mother Nature = balances nature with economic development, protects the rights of indigenous communities to their traditional lifestyle.
How successful is Bolivia under Evo Morales?
1/4 of Bolivians still live in poverty
Socialist ideology deters investment from developed, capitalist western countries.
Half a million Bolivians have been lifted out of poverty.
What is Hans Roslings view of development?
Views social development as more important than economic devlopment, but recognised that social development is often only achieved after economic.
The gap between western countries and Asia’s social development is smaller than the gap in GDP, suggests Asia has more rapid social development.
Singapore has the lowest infant mortality in the world.
Environmental development conflict with economic development.
All countries develop at the cost of their environment.
Shown clearly by Kutznets Curve.
Environment is not considered a development priority.
USA = £64,000 GDP per capita
Costa Rica = £12,000 GDP per capita
A costa rican has an ecological footprint 1/4 the size of some one from the USA.
Equality and economic development
Economically develped countries tend to be becoming more equal with Canada having a Gini Co-efficient score of 0.32, USA equality has grown by 5%
Poorer countries have less equality, Chile Gini Co-efficient score of 0.5.
Annomally = Greece becoming more unequal despite a previous score of 0.32, due to restriction in social spending after financial crisis.
What is human capital?
the resources and skills that a population needs for an economy to grow.
Why is education important?
Central to economic development, more skilled workers and high paid jobs, more human capital, encourages innovation.
Education around human rights helps protect human freedoms.
Sign of social development particularly for women, education around planning pregnancy and female health.
Education around health improves life expectancy.
The population is able to use more developed technology.
What does Malala Yousafzi show us about education?
Shows that education is key to breaking society norms, allows girls to act freely for her own identity and opportunities, allows boys to escape honour pressure.
9th October 2012 = Malala was shot point blank range in the head by the Taliban in Pakistan to stop her protesting for equal education.
Inequalities of education within countries.
India - 22% less females are literate than males.
Afghanistan - twice as many girls than boys have never been to school.
UK - Children in the North have fallen behind by the age of five.
Brazil - top quantile are 55% more likely to finish primary school than those from the Bottom Quantile.
Oxford 42% of students from private schools.
Inequality in education between countries,
Over 25 million children in sub-saharan Africa do not attend primary school.
Finaland highest literacy rate at 99%
Lowest rate in Botswanna at 87%
What factors affect access to education?
Gender/ minorty discrimination. Child labour/ marriage Poverty Natural disaster Health and disability Acess to education centres e.g rural or urban.
