Globalisation EQ3 Flashcards
Global wealth statistics
Richest 1% have 99% of the wealth in 2016
1 billion live on less than £1.25 a day
explosion in inequality- less absolute poverty more relative poverty.
How do we decide if measures are good?
Valid - relevant info
reliable- trustworthy data
What is development?
The ways in which a country progresses economically and improve quality of live. Includes economic, social and political indicators.
Income per capita
Average income of a group of people
Total income divided by population size
-ve misleading high figure if large amounts of high earners. hides inequality
Gross Domestic Product
Value given to output of goods + services within a countries border including foreign owned businesses.
Manipulated to include cost of living.
Given in US$
-ve difficult to include the value of the informal economy
Economic Sector Balance
measures the contribution of the four different economic sectors to a countries GDP.
-ve can make significant changes to GDP calculations
Gender Inequality Index
Composite indicator developed by UNDP.
Considers reproductive health, empowerment and labour force participation rates.
Human Development Index
Composite measure developed in 2010 by UN
economic criteria = GDP
social criteria = life expectancy and literacy
value given between 0 (bottom) and 1 (top)
Environmental performance index
Considers pollution outside and within peoples homes.
Ranked from 0-100
Kuznets Curve
Environmental Kuznets curve suggests economic development initially leads to a deterioration in the environment but eventually society improves their environmental sustainability.
Critics to Kuznets curve
Improvements only occur with targeted policies and when complies with economic growth.
Environmental losers
climate change and biodiversity
40% of earths terrestrial land lost to agriculture
East Africa and Asia = intensive cash cropping and cattle ranching causing habitat destruction
What is Gini co-efficent and Lorenz curve?
Measures the inequalities of income distribution within countries.
Lorenz curve is compared to the line of perfect equality giving a Gini Co-efficient curve.
A score of zero means perfect equality, Lorenz curve will be alongside the line of perfect equality.
+ve measures inequality rather than giving uniform data.
What has resulted in culturally mixed communities?
Open borders
Deregulation
Encouragement of foreign direct investment
What is a diaspora?
The dispersion of a group of people from their original homeland.
What is post-accession migration?
The flow of economic migrants after a country has joined the EU.
Historic UK migration
1945 Caribbeans pushed by poverty help rebuild industry after WW2
1940: Polish migrants form diasporas in London, refugees from war
Freedom of movement within EU encourage British diasporas in Mediterranean coastline.
2004 Opening of EU borders 1 million migrants from central and eastern Europe enter UK.
Polish diaspora in London
Contribute to local economy benefiting small shop keepers.
Blamed for crude birth rate, no places in primary schools in London.
British Diaspora in Mediterranean
British themed shops are common.
poor behaviour of youth puts strain on indigenous communities.
Gateshead Diaspora
Fastest growing Orthodox community in UK, doubling in ten years. Grows by 1,500 during term time from Jewish students.
+ve Rabbi invests in education of young children, established high quality Jewish school with A-level maths, biology and computer science.
-ve concern over crude birth rate (7 children per family)
antisocial behaviour during Purim festival
clash of views sexist and homophobic
TNCs contribution to culturally mixed communities
support open borders
rotate staff between international offices
recruit large numbers of skilled foreign worker e.g Indian computer programmers
Extremism in Europe
Rise of nationalist parties opposing immigration and multiculturalism. Results in targeted and marginalised ethnic groups
1993 murder of British teenager Stephen Lawrence in London as racially aggravated assault.
2014 25% of voters supported the French nationalist party
2011 France banned the Burqa
Ways to control the spread of globalisation.
Censorship
Limiting migration
Trade Protectionism.
What is censorship?
When states monitor or control services to decrease foreign influence.
Censorship China
The great firewall of China
produce copycat social media and monitor servers with word bans.
the 1988 students demonstration at Tiananmen Square is completely removed from internet serves, Google left China due to pressure to censor the event.
Secondary censorship examples
SICK - Syria, India, China and North Korea no Facebook
North Korea Kim Jan-il known as predator of press freedom.
What is limiting migration?
Attempts to prevent international migration. Blame migrants for undercutting local wages and increasing welfare demand.
Very difficult to do due to reliance on foreign skilled workers, international students and refugee laws.
Limiting migration example
UK implementing a point based system. Economic migrants must score a minimum of 70 points, speak English and have a job offer at an appropriate skill level.
Donald Trump campaigning to build a wall to stop Mexican migrants entering the US.
What is trade protectionism?
Adding a tax or tariff to foreign goods or subsidising domestic products to protect trade within a country from foreign competition. Opposed to free markets and open borders
Trade protectionism example
India has the highest tariffs of any major world economy averaging 14%. Received complaints via WTO.
USA and China trade war, Donald Trump places 25% tariff on Chinese steel and 10% tariff on aluminium.
South Korea decreasing globalisation
Have many Chaebol families.
‘Wealth clan’ families that own many smaller firms under one parental company name.
Managerial roles are inherited down the family, mainly to the patriarchy, reducing the percentage of foreign shareholders.
For example the Lee Family own the Samsung group dynasty including electronics, insurance and housing.
What is resource nationalism?
Tendency for state governments to prioritise domestic access to national resources within their borders.
E.g pre 2014 China and rare earth metals.
The First Nations Canada
Over 600 indigenous communities fighting economic development. Pre-date colonisation, had their land taken and never returned.
What is Jumbo wild?
A ski resort development in Canada including ski lifts, private residents, shopping malls and training centres.
This will destroy grizzly bear habitat considered scared to local indigenous groups and their sustainable way of life.
Opposition to Jumbo Wild
91% of residents that responded to the Environmental Assessment Office were opposed to the development.
IN 2010 50 delegates from indigenous communities made the Qut’Muk deceleration recognising Jumbo Valley as the spiritual home of the grizzly bear.
All development stopped.
Fracking New Brunswick opposition
Over 40 anti-fracking groups.
2013 protesters blocked equipment costing the company $60,000 daily.
Oil Extraction Dene
Protests and online movements.
Extraction began in 1920.
Fear for death of trout from polluted rivers and impact of alcohol/drugs brought in by workers on indigenous youth.
Localism
Belief in local sourcing.
Encouraged by NGOs and local groups.
Ideas include carbon tax on supermarket products and boycotting companies with high food miles.
Local sourcing example
The Eden Project Cornwall, 90% of ingredients in food for visitors is locally sourced.
What is a transition town?
A settlement where individuals/ businesses favour bottom up initiative to make more sustainable communities, i.e less reliant on global trade.
Todmorden
First transition town.
‘Incredible edible Todmorden’
Campaign has created 40 public fruit and vegetable gardens and hold regular educational events.
Durham transition town
strategic waste management.
3 community fridges and encourage the use of Olio food sharing app.
Brixton transition town
raised £13,000 to open the UKs first community owned solar panel power station.
Pros of local sourcing
small local producers follow organic farming methods causing health benefits.
UK farmers expand and specialise, helps regenerate rural areas.
1992 ‘Think Global, Act Local’ Rio summit reduced CO2 footprint.
Cons of local sourcing
Expensive- unaffordable for low income families.
Limited demand and economic growth in producer countries such as Ivory Coast Africa.
Seasonal food only
Polytunnels and greenhouses can result in more CO2 emissions than importing food e.g tomatoes.
What is fairtrade?
A certification scheme that offers a guaranteed higher income to farmers and manufactures even if the market price drops. Farmers must reach a certain environmental quality to regeister.
Examples of fairtrade.
Mali cotton farmers used income to build small school, maternity ward and road.
Costa Rica coffee farmers reduced pesticides by 80% inn 10 years.
In 2017 worker in fairtrade plantations invested 50% of their revenue on housing improvements and education.
Evaluation of fairtrade
+ve clear labelling, easily implemented by consumers
- ve products often unaffordable
- ve impossible to money distribution as scheme grows
- ve not possible for all farmers to enter, unlimited crops at fixed value.
What is supply chain monitoring?
TNCs accept social corporate responsibility, monitor supply lines for worker exploitation. Aims to reduce social inequality of globalisation.
Examples of supply chain monitoring
Apple investigating touchscreen supplier Wintek after workers poisoned by chemical cleaning agent.
Asda, Primark and Tesco have signed the Ethical trade initiative setting out basic rights for workers after they were boycotted by consumers.
Evaluation of supply chain monitoring
- ve difficult to manage
- ve companies can under monitor and rely on good marketing
- ve often requires consumer pressure
What is NGO action?
When Non Government Organisations promote ideas and help vulnerable communities have political influence.
NGO example
Charity War helped African fruit pickers campaign for a toilet on their farm.
Keep Britain tidy has cleaned over 600 beaches as part of their Beach Care project, their Break the Bag Habit project helped bring in the 5p bag charge.
NGO action evaluation
-ve projects often small due to limited financial resources
+ve easy to volunteer and donate
What is recycling?
Aims to reduce landfill, waste, ecological footprints and resource consumption. A circular economy would encourage businesses to repair, reuse or lease products to consumers. Products should be designed with recycling in mind.
Recycling example
UK government local authority recycling schemes.
In 2013 the England household recycling rate reached 45%
Introduced a 5p bag charge.
Durham tech cafe repair and recycling.
Recycling evaluation
+ve recycling considered social norm, easy to use bins
- ve items can only be recycled a certain number of times.
- ve recycling and transport still uses energy and water resources.
