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Geography A Level Paper 2 > Globalisation EQ2 > Flashcards

Globalisation EQ2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the global shift?

A

The shifting of the economic centre of gravity from the west to the east through the movement of manufacturing to China and services to India.

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2
Q

Manufacturing in China

A

Original workshop of the world in 1990s with large low cost labour.
Reform and strikes improved working conditions, now produces high tech desirable goods. Now an industrial powerhouse.

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3
Q

Services in India

A

US/UK businesses outsoured call centre services and back office functions. Call centres for Dell, Intel and Yahoo.
Take advantage of skilled graduates, English speaking and high broadband capacity.

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4
Q

Poverty reduction and waged work

Developing global shift

A

Worldwide more than 1 billion escape £1.25 poverty.
China absolute poverty reduced to 16% in 2005
Services contributes 50% to India’s GDP
However, increased inequality India has more billionaires than UK but more absolute poverty than whole of Africa.

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5
Q

Education and training

Developing world- global shift

A

Leading quaternary and biotechnology (envied by west)
China awarded 30,000 PhDs in 2012
2,500 universities in India, China, South Korea
However unequal 1 in 4 in Bangladesh are illiterate.

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6
Q

Infrastructure development

Developing world global shift

A

High rise developments in city centre hotspots- Shanghai Tower second tallest building in the world
High speed rail and airports- China Shanghai Maglev worlds fastest commercial train service.

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7
Q

Unplanned Settlements and loss of land

Developing world global shift

A

Mumbai Dharvi slum lives on less than £200 a month

Beijings narrow lanes ‘hutongs’ all but lost.

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8
Q

Resource Pressure

Developing world global shift

A

Commodities super cycle
100 cities in China suffer water shortages
China 10% global energy demand.
2015 1/2 million Indians do not have toilets in their homes.

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9
Q

Land degradation

Developing world global shift

A

40% of Chinese farmland suffers from degradation

Urbanisation + cattle/crops demand = 100,000 football pitches of land lost annually from Indonesia.

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10
Q

Water pollution

Developing world

A

75% of lakes and 25% coastal rivers are polluted in China.
16m tonnes of solid waste are dumped into Yangtze River annually in China
Increased communicable disease, cancer, ecosystem destruction.

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11
Q

Air pollution

Developing world global shift

A

Airopocalypse
5th largest killer in India
Reduced life expectancy in China by 5 years
China 750,000 premature deaths annually from respiratory disease.

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12
Q

loss of biodiversity

developing world global shift

A

1/2 China’s vertebrate species vanished since 1945

Indonesia more mammal species threatened than any other country.

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13
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

Mass closure of secondary industry such as ship building decreasing workforce and production caused by the global shift.
Become irrelevant to the global economy
Factories may be mothballed or liquidated

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14
Q

Crime

Deindustrialised regions

A

Switched on to illegal flows such as drugs and people trafficking, encouraged by unemployment and youth boredom.
US gun crime and drug route areas have a 30 year lower life expectancy
Redcar over 10,000 crimes majority antisocial

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15
Q

Depopulation

Deindustrialised regions

A

Brain drain and white flights, creates social tensions, decrease house value causing pockets of deprivation.
Baltimore 1/3 population left - 200,000 homes abandoned

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16
Q

Dereliction

Deindustrialised regions

A

40% land of Glasgow inner city is derelict

broken window scenario

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17
Q

High unemployment

Deindustrialised regions

A

New jobs are often zero hours low wage.

Red car short term male unemployment near 100%, removed £70 million annual wage bill removed from the economy.

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18
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city with a population of 10 million or more

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19
Q

Causes of megacity

A

Centripetal migration- movement direct towards centre of urban areas.
Natural increase

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20
Q

Urbanisation in developing countries

A

Rapid growth
Fringes of cities develop into shanty towns
Build on dangerous areas such as floodplains and hill slopes

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21
Q

Urbanisation in developed countries.

A

Slower growth from international migration
Environmental rules such as green belt hep limit urban sprawl
Favour high rise developments on brownfield sites.

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22
Q

World migration figures

A

Global urbanisation passed 50% in 2008

Nearly 250 million international migrants globally.

23
Q

Mumbai megacity

A

22 million in 2015
Employment in Hilton, Starbucks and retail areas
Dharvi slum 500 employed in manufacturing industry
Bollywood billionaires increased house prices in nearby area causing pressure to redevelop the slum.

24
Q

Karachi megacity

A

2015 Second most populated megacity in the world.
Pakistan centre of industry with jobs in shipping, banking, retail and manufacturing.
Business Capital
Famous university city with skilled tech graduates attracts media companies such as GeoTV.

25
Q

Environmental sustainability in megacities.

A

water pollution from untreated sewage and air pollution from industry
China 300 million use contaminated water daily
Air pollution 5th largest killer in India
Dharavi slum has a 40% higher air pollution rate

26
Q

Social sustainability in megacities

A

Struggle to provide services and meet urban employment needs.
1/4 Bangladesh are illiterate
North African cities youth unemployment exceeds 25%
London Oligarchs increase house prices, spend over £500 million in property

27
Q

What is a global hub?

A

A settlement or region with a focal point for global activities such as business, finance and trade.
Recognised for influence rather than size.
Identified by AT Kearney’s world city index.

28
Q

Types in international migration.

A

Elite migration - highly skilled or socially influential often very wealthy. Little barrier to migration.
Low waged- large numbers, legal and illegal, often working in low paid kitchens, domestic services or construction.

29
Q

Benefits to Russia (source)

Russia to UK elite migration

A

London in main capital raising revenue for Russian firs, total value of £260 billion listed on the London stock exchange.
Liberal UK regulatory framework (1986 deregulation on the city of London) provides tax loop holes and allows large transactions

30
Q

Negatives to Russia (source)

Russia to UK elite migration

A

Russian with assets off shore ‘residents in the UK’ only pay taxes on UK money.

31
Q

Benefits to UK (host)

Russia to UK elite migration

A

Russian lavish spending
£60 million a year on private education
2006 £78 million art deal sails
spend over £500 million in property.

32
Q

Negatives to UK (host)

Russia to UK elite migration

A

Increasing house prices, 1 in 10 millionaire homes in London are owned by Russians
Fear of Londongrad, political influence of chequered Russian pasts, donated £1.5 million to conservative funds in 2013.

33
Q

Benefits to India (source)

India to UAE low wage migration

A

Recieves US$15 billion in remittances

15-20% of Indians in UAE professionally qualified when they return.

34
Q

Negatives to India (source)

India to UAE low wage migration

A

Poorly treated by employers on arrival, no jobs or false deals.
Political pressure to act.

35
Q

Benefits to UAE (host)

India to UAE low wage migration

A

Make up 90% of the construction workforce

Spread of India culture and bollywood industry, little India menus and shops.

36
Q

Negatives to UAE (host)

India to UAE low wage migration

A

US$15 billion in remittances sent back to India

Failure to protect workers, 2 foreign workers commit suicide a week.

37
Q

Causes of cultural erosion.

A

TNCs
Global media
Migration + tourism

38
Q

How do TNCs cause cultural erosion?

A

Global dispersal of products.
‘Americanisation’
E.g Lego, McDonalds
decreased by glocalisation

39
Q

How does Global media cause cultural erosion?

A

Online and technological spread of news and trends
E.g Disney white weddings
decreased by cencorship

40
Q

How does Migration and tourism cause cultural erosion?

A

Spread of language and customs.
Formation of diasporas and new markets
decrease by migrants assimilating to local views.

41
Q

What is Globalish?

A

A form of English spoken by 4 billion people. Caused by English dominating the internet, technology, education and USA superpower status.
Often adapted by native tongues.

42
Q

Changing diets in Asia

A

Traditionally low in meat and high in vegetables.
Changed to meat and processed foods.
1990 10% increase in meat consumption - livestock farming increased methane emissions, deforestation in rainforest to grow soya to feed Chinese cattle
Number of sharks killed worldwide doubled - affluent meal.

43
Q

New opportunities and awareness for disadvantaged groups.

A

Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games
Viewed by over 4 million people.
Celebrates the achievements of disabled athletes, encourages liberty and respect rather than discrimination.
Also suffragette movements, He for She international campaign.

44
Q

Language and Cultural diffusion

A

GCSE Welsh made compulsory in Wales

45
Q

Religion and Cultural diffusion

A

Secularism rise, shown by acceptance of Sunday trading and abortion

46
Q

Food and cultural diffusion

A

Changing diets in Asia

47
Q

Clothing and cultural diffusion

A

Traditional dress e.g Sari in India.

France banned the Burkha

48
Q

Tradition and cultural diffusion

A

2018 India legalises gay sex

30% UK households have female as the main earner

49
Q

Cultural erosion
Loss of Tribal life in Papa New Guinea
Natural environment and ecosystems

A

Swapped shifting cultivation to sedentary village

Rise of deforestation for logging employment

50
Q

Cultural erosion
Loss of Tribal life in Papa New Guinea
built environment

A

Clay bricks and corrugated iron rather than bamboo structures
schools and health worker visits near river

51
Q

Cultural erosion
Loss of Tribal life in Papa New Guinea
other

A

Loin cloth replaced by t-shirt (Manchester United Football)
Korowai migrates to nearby town children don’t speak Korowai language.
Introduction of Christianity abolished cannibalism and polygamy

52
Q

France response to cultural erosion

A

40% of TV must be French

Subsidise french films and radio that promotes French language films

53
Q

China response to cultural erosion

A

34 foreign films a year

Great firewall of China

Geography A Level Paper 2 (10 decks)

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