Regeneration EQ2 - Need for regeneration

Question 1

What is perception?

Answer 1

How people view/regard a place, a vital part of lived experience impacting how people engage with their place

Question 2

What are the negative externalities of regions perceived as successful?

Answer 2

Overheated property prices, congestion of roads and public transport and skills shortages

Question 3

How can ‘successful’ regions be perceived as self sustaining?

Answer 3

More people and investment are drawn to the opportunities created, both from inside the country and from other places

Question 4

How is San Francisco a successful place, and what are the drawbacks?

Answer 4

1990s - became focus of California’s new ‘gold rush’, home to global internet businesses such as Dropbox and Twitter. Phenomenal job growth seen in STEM biotecth, life sciences and digital media companies - multiplier effect (highly skilled workforce).
DRAWBACKS: ‘Google effect’ of gentrification causes discontent from some established but less affluent displaced locals

Question 5

What is the intergenerational cycle?

Answer 5

Educational underachievement and poor health is passed from parents to their children.

Question 6

What are the social consequences of inequality?

Answer 6

• segregation of different socio-economic groups, property damage and violent crime
• health issues
• higher infant mortality and lowered life expectancy
• status competition, driving less-affluent people into debt in an attempt to keep up with a peer group practising a higher level of consumerism

Question 7

What is the Rust Belt?

Answer 7

A term referring to the concentration of problems associated with the loss of core employment and large scale deindustrialisation of manufacturing areas, characterised by derelict buildings and land.

Question 8

What are reinventor cities?

Answer 8

Cities that have changed their economic base successfully by encouraging IT and digital media, have higher wages, graduate workers, new businesses and productivity.

Question 9

What are replicator cities?

Answer 9

Those that have replaced cotton mills with call centres and dock yards with distribution centres - therefore are less sustainable. They tend to have a higher share of workers with low qualifications and a working age population claiming benefits.

Question 10

What is a sink estate?

Answer 10

A housing estate characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence, drugs and gangs.

Question 11

What are gated communities?

Answer 11

Landscapes of surveillence (CCTV and 24/7 security guards) found in urban and rural settlements as either individual buildings or groups of houses. Designed to deter access by unknown people and reduce crime

Question 12

What are commuter villages?

Answer 12

Settlements that have a proportion of their population living in them but who commute out daily or weekly, usually to larger settlements either nearby or further afield

Question 13

What is one of the key issues of commuter villages?

Answer 13

May need fewer services since commuters may not demand local shops/schools. This makes locals dependent on low-paid agriculture vulnerable.

Question 14

How can levels of engagement be measured?

Answer 14

1. by local and national election turnout
2. development and support for local community groups

Question 15

Why does support for local community groups vary across the country?

Answer 15

Depends on local willingness to participate and the main aim of the group

Question 16

What 2 key factors affect a person’s sense of place, lived experience and level of engagement?

Answer 16

• membership: a feeling of belonging, familiarity and being accepted
• influence: a sense of playing a part in a place, and hence caring about it

Question 17

What is lived experience?

Answer 17

The actual experience of living in a particular place or environment. This can have a major influence on people’s perceptions and values, as well as general development and outlook on the world.

Question 18

What factors affect levels of engagement?

Answer 18

• age
• ethnicity
• gender
• length of residence
• levels of deprivation

Question 19

Why might people and groups be socially marginalised or push out to the edges by dominant core culture?

Answer 19

Due to language, religion, customs or especially by wealth

Question 20

How are rural and urban places interdependent?

Answer 20

Rural areas depend on towns and cities for many key services: healthcare, education, leisure - sometimes also employment
Urban areas: rely on countryside for food and non food products, and value landscape/environment for leisure and recreation

Question 21

What are some of the main causes of conflicts between contrasting groups in communities (with different views about priorities and strategies for regeneration)?

Answer 21

• lack of political engagement and representation
• ethnic tensions
• inequality
• a lack of economic opportunity

Question 22

What is studentification?

Answer 22

The process by which specific neighbourhoods become dominated by student residential occupation, describing the growth of high concentration of students within the localities of Higher Education Institutions

Question 23

What are the positives and negatives of studentification?

Answer 23

Positives: increase levels of spending in the local economy, improve opportunities for companies etc
Negatives: low level anti social behaviour, vandalism, students unbothered by upkeep of property - upsetting locals, lack of community spirit forces families away, transient occupation

Question 24

What are the economic criteria that evaluate the need for regeneration?

Answer 24

Types of employment, unemployment, business rates, property value

Question 25

What are the social criteria that evaluate the need for regeneration?

Answer 25

Ethnicity, access to healthcare and education, educational achievement, community facilities

Question 26

What are the environmental criteria that evaluate the need for regeneration?

Answer 26

Derelict land, closed shops, boarded-up buildings, graffiti, lack of green space, transport provision, pollution

Question 27

What statistical evidence can be used to determine the need for regeneration?

Answer 27

ONS census
Neighbourhood statistics websites
GIS systems

Question 28

How can different media provide contrasting evidence to question the need for regeneration?

Answer 28

Data may be manipulated to give different ‘spins’ on any evidence.

Question 29

How do different representations of a place influence the perceived need for regeneration?

Answer 29

Different sources influence people’s perception about places and whether they need regeneration: e.g. newspapers, documentaries, YouTube clips, local blogs, estate agents, local authorities