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Geography (Split into Topics) > Globalisation EQ1 - Causes and acceleration of globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation EQ1 - Causes and acceleration of globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The widening and deepening global connections, interdependence and flows (commodities, capital, information, migrants and tourists)

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2
Q

Why does modern globalisation differ from the global economy which preceded it?

A

Due to the longer (products sourced further away), deeper (being connected to other places and people) and faster connections (people able to talk to each other in real time)

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3
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross domestic product - a measure of the financial value of goods and services produced within a territory

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4
Q

What are the most important global flows?

A

Capital, commodities, information, tourists, migrants

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5
Q

What is interdependency?

A

Two places becoming over reliant on financial and or political connections with one another

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6
Q

What is the shrinking world effect?

A

Whilst the physical distances between places remain unchanged, developments in technology and transport makes places feel closer than in the past

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7
Q

What are some of the important innovations in transport?

A

Steam power (1800s)
Railways (1800s)
Jet aircraft (Boeing 747 in 1960s)
Container shipping (around 200 mil individual container movements take place every year - intermodal containers)

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8
Q

What is spatial division of labour?

A

The common practice among TNCs of moving low-skilled work abroad or ‘offshore’ to places where labour costs are low

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9
Q

What are intermodal containers?

A

Large capacity storage units which can be transported long distances using multiple types of transport, without the freight being taken out of the container

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10
Q

What are some of the important elements of the growth of ICT over time?

A

Telephone and telegraph (first telegraph cables across Atlantic in 1860s)
Broadband and fibre optics (more than 1.2 million km of flexible undersea cables today)
GIS and GPS (1970s)
Internet and social networks (58% of world’s population using internet)

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11
Q

How can global flows be viewed as threats?

A
  • Imports of raw materials and commodities can threaten nation’s own industries
  • Migrants can bring cultural change and religious diversity, not always welcomed
  • Information can provide citizens with knowledge own government finds threatening
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12
Q

What is FDI?

A

Foreign direct investment - a financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy, either to build new facilities, or to acquire or merge with an existing firm already based there

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13
Q

What are the 3 ‘Bretton Woods institutions’?

A

International Money Fund, World Bank and World Trade Organisation

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14
Q

What is the IMF’s role in globalisation?

A

It loans from rich nations to countries that apply for help, but in return the recipients must agree to run free market economies that are open to outside investment

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15
Q

What is the World Bank’s role in globalisation?

A

It lends money on a global scale and gives direct grants to developing countries

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16
Q

What is the WTO’s role in globalisation?

A

It advocates trade liberalisation, and asks countries to abandon protectionist attitudes in favour of untaxed trade

17
Q

How do the Bretton Woods institutions promote free trade and TNCs?

A

They have created a global legal and economic framework that is suited to free trade and foreign direct investment, allowing TNCs to thrive

18
Q

What are the different types of FDI?

A

Offshoring - TNCs build own production facilities in low wage economies
Foreign mergers - two firms in different countries join forces to create a single entity
Foreign acquisitions - TNC launches takeover of a company in another countries
Transfer pricing - TNCs have channelled profits through a subsidiary company in low tax country

19
Q

What is free market liberalisation?

A

Governance model which follows 2 beliefs:
- government intervention in markets impedes economic development
- overall wealth increase, trickle down takes place from richest to poorest in society

20
Q

What is privatisation?

A

Allowing foreign investors to gain a stake in privatised national services and infrastructure to help fund it

21
Q

What does encouraging business start ups involve?

A

Methods range from low business taxes to changes in law allowing both foreign and local businesses to make more profit

22
Q

What are trade blocs?

A

Voluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes, bringing greater economic strength and security to the nations who join

23
Q

What are the benefits of trade blocs?

A

Markets for firms grow through the removal of barriers to intra-community trade, enlarged market increases demand (meaning products can be sold more cheaply), smaller national firms within bloc can merge to form TNCs

24
Q

What are SEZs?

A

Special Economic Zones - an industrial area, often near a coastline, where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs

25
Q

How did China’s Open Door Policy of 1978 contribute to globalisation?

A

Radical ‘Open Door’ allowed China to embrace globalisation whilst remaining under one party authoritarian rule. It gave China the nickname the ‘workshop of the world’ due to the world’s largest TNCs finally being let in to establish factories etc.

26
Q

How is globalisation in China successful?

A

FDI from China and its TNCs predicted to total $1.25 trillion between 2015-2025
China is now part of WTO
400 million said to have escaped poverty

27
Q

What are the drawbacks of globalisation in China?

A

Life expectancy reduced by 5 years due to air pollution in cities - worst in the world
Strict controls on foreign TNCs in some sectors
Google and Facebook have little to no access to China’s market

28
Q

What is offshoring?

A

When TNCs move parts of their own production process to other countries to reduce labour or other costs

29
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

When TNCs contract another company to produce the goods and services they need rather than do it themselves

30
Q

How does the KOF index measure globalisation?

A

24 indicators spread over 3 categories - political, economic and social globalisation. Each indicator converted to index value, then data is analysed before comparing the new scores with previous ones dating back to 1970

31
Q

What are the cons of the KOF index?

A

Only measures international interactions (not internal) and does not include recent technological developments. Some cultural bias

32
Q

How does the A.T. Kearney Index measure globalisation?

A

12 indicators spread across 4 categories - political engagement, technological connectivity, personal contact, economic integration - complex points and weighting system.
Uses more holistic indicators than KOF

33
Q

What are the cons of the AT Kearney index?

A

Only includes 62 countries, heavy weighting given to ICT allows USA to gain high index score despite low political engagement

34
Q

What is a global production network?

A

A chain of connected suppliers of parts and materials that contribute to the manufacturing or assembly of the consumer goods - serves needs of TNC

35
Q

What is glocalisation?

A

Changing the design of products to meet local tastes or laws (common strategy used by TNCs)

36
Q

What are some examples of glocalisation?

A
  • driving seat positioned differently in US and UK
  • reality tv shows are re-filmed using local people in different countries
  • certain foods made specfically for different countries
37
Q

What is a switched off place?

A

A region or country that still lack any strong flows of trade or investment with other places and economies

38
Q

How is North Korea a ‘switched-off’ place?

A

Ruled as an autocracy, chosen deliberately to remain politically isolated from rest of the world.
Ordinary citizens have no internet acess, no undersea data cables connecting North Korea with anywhere else
As a result, North Korea has relatively low GDP and development especially as it only trades with China

39
Q

How is the Sahel region a ‘switched off’ place?

A

Economic - low income levels mean it lacks market size to attract FDI, low literacy rates makes it unattractive for offshoring
Physical - all Sahel countries are landlocked resulting in high transport costs which defers FDI
Environmental - semi arid climate becoming drier due to climate change, reducing land area available for agriculture

Geography (Split into Topics) (13 decks)

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