Regeneration Flashcards
what are the 2 ways to classify economic activity
- by sector
2. by type
economic activity: by sector
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quaternary
what are?
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quaternary
p: individuals work with the land or extract goods from the land/sea e.g. farmer
s: individuals are manufacturing products e.g. factory worker, builder, chef
t: individuals provide a service e.g. doctor, teachers, police
q: individuals are involved in research n development e.g. scientist, researching drugs
economic activity: by type
- employed
- self-employed
- part-time
- full-time
- temporary
- permanent
- zero-hour contract
- gig economy
- unregulated employment
2 places that vary
- Birmingham
- Hereford
define: deprived
the lack of something
e.g. food, healthcare, crime
factors of deprivation
- income
- employment
- health
- crime
- quality of the living environments
- abandoned/derelict land
- education
Hereford: reasons for change
- physical
- accessibility/connectedness
- historical development
- role of local planning
- role of national planning
- gentle slopes near work and transport, suitable for building houses
- *- competition from railway forces canal to close
- council identify area for route of new city link road
- government identified city as site for vital new munitions factory n created demand for workers housing
Birmingham: reasons for change
- accessibility/connectedness
- historical development
- role of local planning
- role of national planning
- access to inner city improved by expanding road infrastructure
- WW2 bombing destroyed buildings and left waste land
- council planners identified area as “learning quartier”
- government identified area as arrival point for HS2 trains
What are factors affecting levels of engagement
- membership: feeling of belonging
- influence: feeling of being part in a place
- length of residence: short term students vs. long term locals
- levels of deprivation: rented feel less at home than owner occupiers
- age
- gender: tend to occupy different roles
- ethnicity: nonwhite British may differ views bc of locals attitude towards them
Whats a successful urban region example
- positive factors
San Francisco - Bay Area
- 7.65 million people
- v low unemployment - 3.6%
- vibrant mix of people - most diverse in US - lots of migrants bc lots of job availability
- low crime rate
- high home prices, good range of availabilities
What makes a successful region
- not in need of regeneration*
- high rates of employment
- inward migration (internal/international)
- low levels of multiple deprivation
- high property prices
- skill shortages in both urban/rural areas
Whats a successful urban region example
- negative factors
San Francisco - Bay Area
- when successful = unaffordable to lives, so have to commute for 3 hours to get affordable homes
- not a good range of houses
- skills shortages: high no. of IT - but jobs like waitressing is non existent bc cant afford to live there
Whats a successful rural region example
- negative factors
Napa Valley
- immigrants = low levels of educations
- English proficiency pose a challenge for work force development as can’t ‘climb the ladder’ just stay stationary
Whats a successful rural region example
- positive factors
Napa Valley
- low crime rate - 2 in last year
- good range of schools - 15
- low unemployment - 4.2%
- wine industry: driven by immigrant labour- good place for them
Do these successful regions need REGEN
- no
but may do in future e.g. SanFran bc Labour shortage will need fixing
CASE STUDY
Name a place in need of REGEN
- whats it part of?
- Detroit
- part of the rust belt
What does the rust belt mean
- referring to economic decline
- population loss and urban decay
- due to shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector
A place in need of REGEN
- What happened
Detroit
- lots of industry went West
- people weren’t needed
- decline of US steel and coal industries
- cheaper to make and extract in China
- free trade agreements NAFTA - cheaper to get manufacturing done in Mexico then transport
A place in need of REGEN
- Why
Detroit
- from 2000 - 2012, 26.6% population change bc no one wants to live there
- high levels of unemployment: nearly a third of population: jobless
- high levels of diabetes - not eating healthily
- high levels of envy theft and wrath crime (violent)
Why does Detroit not need REGEN
- house prices already reasonably high - if regenerated - even higher - not helping homeless
- despite poverty low suicide rates - good support “all in it together” - strong community
- high levels of graduation/education
Whats the criteria for analysing the need for regeneration
Economic:
- employment rates
- business artes
property values
Social:
- ethnicity, education, healthcare, facilities
Environmental: Derelict land, closed shops, graffiti, pollution,, transport
Define: Rebranding
- the marketing aspect of regeneration designed to attract businesses/residents/visitors
Define: Infrastructure
- basic physical systems of a place
1. economic - roads/water/sewage
2. social - public housing/hospitals/schools
Define: Hard regeneration
- used to refer to capital investment, physical buildings and infrastructure
Define: Soft regeneration
- refers to skills and education
Name some players involved in regeneration strategies
- infrastructure/projects authority
- UK trade/investment
CASE STUDY
- Difference of opinion 1 example
- Facts
- London Heathrow - airport development (third runway)
- in 2015 after 12 years - expansion was recommended
- £18.6 billion
CASE STUDY
- Difference of opinion 1 example
- Those FOR
London Heathrow
- Geoff Hoon (Transport Secratary) -will keep to air/noise regulations
- Colin Matthews (BAA) - make H more reliable
- Ian Taylor (Conservative MP) - all private money - not public - no taxes
Economy:
- lots of new jobs
- help trade agreement - easy to get to and from China
CASE STUDY
- Difference of opinion 1 example
- Those AGAINST
London Heathrow
- Boris Johnson (Conservative MP) - more traffic/flights = pollution
- Environmentalists:
- residents homes being demolished
- little support 4 mill signed against
- H already above air pollution standards
- more night flights - 1 mil affected by noise
CASE STUDY
DIFFERENCE OF OPINION 2
- name example and give facts
High Speed Two (HS2)
- London 2 Bham, Manchester and Leeds
“northern powerhouse regeneration scheme”
Phase 1 complete in 2026
Phase 2 complete in 2033
- there are controversy about : costs, benefits and impacts
CASE STUDY
DIFFERENCE OF OPINION 2
- name example and give COSTS
- HS2
- £55.7 billion - V expensive - should spend on education, hospitals
- will be built outside people’s homes, but can’t even get on as only starts from Bham, but will have V fast train running outside house
CASE STUDY
DIFFERENCE OF OPINION 2
- name example and give BENEFITS
- 250mph - v fast
- multiplier effect - will help businesses in the north-more money- pay it self back
what are the two difference of opinion case studies
- Heathrow
2. HS2
Redevelopment Case study
- give example
- give background info
- East London Redevelopment Case Study
- The 2012 London Olympics is being used as a catalyst to regenerate over 500 acres of brownfield land located in some of the most disadvantaged boroughs in the UK
Redevelopment Case study
- what are this plans
Stratford
- cleaning up the land
- regenerating brown field sites
- creating a sustainable legacy
What is employment/jobs/social life like in the East End of London (Redevelopment case study)
- high unemployment
- low paid jobs eg factory (£20,000)
- high levels of school dropouts
- lots of gang culture
- youngest community in UK over 41% are under 24 - no high end skills
- lots of single parent families - can’t work bc looking after kids
- 1 in 4 houses are over crowded
- environments is derelict/abandoned/tipping
how will regeneration help> the economy
of east london
- overall net increase in jobs
- building new euro star link (stratford to paris/brussels)
- 50,000 new jobs created after games
- now highly connected- good for business
- 1million square feet of office space
how will regeneration help> the environment
of east london
- hoping for most sustainable games ever
- create park “lee valley park” stretches from one end to the other
- pylons under ground so look better
- contaminated soil being cleared
how will regeneration help> socially
of east london
- hope for people with better skills ie to learn to drive digger - then get better job “construction college”
- “streets of growth” - 8 week training programme
will there be any negatives of the east london redevelopment case study
- 200 businesses had to be demolished to make way for the park - some of which were new (2001-fish factory)
- had to demolish housing estate (450ppl) , travellers estate, students halls of residence = will be mor expensive = double the rate
what’s fracking
- hydraulic fracturing
- causes earthquakes
- occurring bc high demand of oil
what points do “encouragement policies” argue about immigration
- increased national GDP
- skill shortages filled
- willingness to work hard for low wages
- young workers and families stabilise ageing population structure
- immigrants work, earn, spend, pay tax and national insurance
what points do “restrictive policies” respond to the arguments about immigration
“they take our jobs/homes”
“they are a drain on public services”
“they come here to sponge off benefits”
(for migrants to claim benefits they have to work in the UK for 12 months
population;
births -> _____ -> _____
immigrants -> _____ -> _____
asylum seekers -> _____ -> _____
natural increase -> deaths
net migration -> emigration
refugees -> failed asylum seekers
what tensions were created by the 2012 Olympic Games
- Clays Land estate was a housing co-operative development for vulnerable single people in Newham, London
- site was designated for athletes village and 430 residents were evicted
- many small businesses were also evicted including Forman’s salmon smokers
- Ian Sinclair - v critical of Clays Lane move ad was banned from speaking in libraries bc the LA didn’t want opposition of the development to be voiced in their public buildings
what are 2 key challenges for high street shops
and what has it led to
- competition from out of town shopping centre
- the rapid growth of internet shopping
- led to national government support of £1 billion to ensure growth in high street jobs
give examples of tourism/leisure led regeneration
- individuals house holds offering B&B
- custom built centres eg centre parcs
- leisure centres, gyms. skateboard parks
- heritage theme attraction eg titanic in belfast
what is culture led regeneration
- Liverpool regenerating its Dockland area using the Beatles as the “draw” and “catalyst”
- Ireland - Game of Thrones
- Bristol - Banksey (guided tour app)
who are the 3 players of an Enterprise zone
- business
- uk economy
- local communities
what are the 2 categories that cause tensions between
- local interest groups (wishing to preserve) and
- developers seeking change
- socio-economic eg trade unions, retirement and youth groups
- environmental eg wildlife conservationists, outdoor activity participants, heritage preservationists
give some regeneration strategies in the UK
- rural diversification: glamping in hereford
- retail-led regeneration in liverpool
- marketing heritage for tourism eg titanic in belfast
what government actions went ahead regarding retail-led regeneration
- more click n collect / pop up shops
- encouraging street markers
- changes to business rates to help smaller ones compete with chains
EG Hereford Old Market
what’s sport led regeneration
example: Newport International Sports Village
- jobs created … in building facilities … one off event … recurring ones
give examples of “agriculture based diversification”
- farming unusual animals eg ostrich/llama/alpaca
- producing and selling dairy products eg Shepherds Ice cream, Hay on Wye
- farm shorts eg Over, Gloucester
- growing energy crops eg oilseed rape/elephant grass
give examples of “non-agriculture based diversification”
- golf courses
- music festival
- wind/solar power generation sites
- B and B/glamping eg in Ivington and DofE camp sites eg Llanigon
- horse riding
what are the 3 diff types of regeneration
- retail led
- culture (rural diversification-agriculture)
- tourism/leisure led (sport)
what are reasons for regeneration: economic
- increase income
- increase employment
- decrease poverty
(must know aim of regeneration before determining how successful)
what does “legacy” mean
the long term effects of a regeneration scheme
(positive or negative)
- based on reuse of buildings/amount of government support needed/level of private investment/whether locals benefit in long run
what’s a catalyst
the method of event that starts a regeneration scheme
what’s Area Based Initiatives (ABI)
- aim to improve selected people or places within a specific location
eg Hereford Academy within an Education Action Zone
Define Poverty
- relative to the place and time in which people live
what are reasons for regeneration: social and demographic
- reduction in inequality
- reduction in deprivation
- demographic changes - increased life expectancy, reduced health deprivation
(must know aim of regeneration before determining how successful)
what are reasons for regeneration: environments
- reduced pollution levels
- reduction in abandoned and derelict land
(must know aim of regeneration before determining how successful)
demographic measures: - life expectancy - health deprivation - disability if regeneration IS successful then these measures will go... (up/down)
- up
- down
- down
(may take years to show)
Olympic Park site - successful regeneration? (500 acre polluted brown field site- will be cleaned and help…)
- environment
- jobs
- infrastructure
- new housing
- new amenities
- accessibility
- environment- the Lea Valley’s polluted water ways will be cleaned and new habitats created
- jobs - 12,000 new permanent jobs and 1000s of temporary jobs
- infrastructure - £17bn will be spent on transport eg Docklands light rail way
- new housing - athletes village will be converted into affordable housing (9000 new homes)
- new amenities - 5 of new sport venues will remain for local community
- accessibility - all people: age/disabilities cs. use facilities and transport
how successful is regeneration: Plymouth Case Study
- what did they do
- 2014 government signed a “city deal” to bring millions of pounds of investment - transferred dockyard land to council - cresting 1200 new jobs
- city awarded £670,000 of funding from crown estate to improve coast
- good uni - improved education with new buildings
- big green space over looking English Channel - popular space for music events
give rural regeneration example
- the eden project, cornwall
what are the issues affecting past production in rural areas
(eden project, cornwall case study)
- low income regions (weather dependent-farm-low pay)
- home affordability (houses expensive) - second homes (push up house prices)
- accessibility (lack of public transport n narrow/poorly maintained roads)
- services (lack of) due to second homes bc no permanent residents so pubs/shops empty in winter (dormitory village)
- “brain drain” (when skilled young people leave for better employment)
what’s a dormitory village
villages that people live but never use services
- go to better towns
- cashing them to close down
what would have happened is the St. Austell Eden Project Regeneration did not happen
- closure of Clay Pitt in Cornwall - 2000 job loss. vast scar on Cornish landscape
- very unattractive for tourists-further impacts of unemployment and landscape
- families able to work left the area
- fall in population, bringing it below threshold population
- meant closure of further services eg pubs
- 1 pub closing every week in county
- young people left for better education
- left mainly elderly people
- left them with sense of population
what’s a threshold population
the minimum number of people necessary before a particular service can be provided in an area
