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Human Geography > Regeneration > Flashcards

Regeneration Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 ways to classify economic activity

A
  1. by sector

2. by type

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2
Q

economic activity: by sector

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary
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3
Q

what are?

  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary
A

p: individuals work with the land or extract goods from the land/sea e.g. farmer
s: individuals are manufacturing products e.g. factory worker, builder, chef
t: individuals provide a service e.g. doctor, teachers, police
q: individuals are involved in research n development e.g. scientist, researching drugs

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4
Q

economic activity: by type

A
  • employed
  • self-employed
  • part-time
  • full-time
  • temporary
  • permanent
  • zero-hour contract
  • gig economy
  • unregulated employment
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5
Q

2 places that vary

A
  • Birmingham

- Hereford

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6
Q

define: deprived

A

the lack of something

e.g. food, healthcare, crime

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7
Q

factors of deprivation

A
  • income
  • employment
  • health
  • crime
  • quality of the living environments
  • abandoned/derelict land
  • education
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8
Q

Hereford: reasons for change

  • physical
    • accessibility/connectedness
    • historical development
  • role of local planning
  • role of national planning
A
  • gentle slopes near work and transport, suitable for building houses
  • *- competition from railway forces canal to close
  • council identify area for route of new city link road
  • government identified city as site for vital new munitions factory n created demand for workers housing
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9
Q

Birmingham: reasons for change

  • accessibility/connectedness
  • historical development
  • role of local planning
  • role of national planning
A
  • access to inner city improved by expanding road infrastructure
  • WW2 bombing destroyed buildings and left waste land
  • council planners identified area as “learning quartier”
  • government identified area as arrival point for HS2 trains
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10
Q

What are factors affecting levels of engagement

A
  • membership: feeling of belonging
  • influence: feeling of being part in a place
  • length of residence: short term students vs. long term locals
  • levels of deprivation: rented feel less at home than owner occupiers
  • age
  • gender: tend to occupy different roles
  • ethnicity: nonwhite British may differ views bc of locals attitude towards them
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11
Q

Whats a successful urban region example

- positive factors

A

San Francisco - Bay Area

  • 7.65 million people
  • v low unemployment - 3.6%
  • vibrant mix of people - most diverse in US - lots of migrants bc lots of job availability
  • low crime rate
  • high home prices, good range of availabilities
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12
Q

What makes a successful region

A
  • not in need of regeneration*
  • high rates of employment
  • inward migration (internal/international)
  • low levels of multiple deprivation
  • high property prices
  • skill shortages in both urban/rural areas
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13
Q

Whats a successful urban region example

- negative factors

A

San Francisco - Bay Area

  • when successful = unaffordable to lives, so have to commute for 3 hours to get affordable homes
  • not a good range of houses
  • skills shortages: high no. of IT - but jobs like waitressing is non existent bc cant afford to live there
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14
Q

Whats a successful rural region example

- negative factors

A

Napa Valley

  • immigrants = low levels of educations
  • English proficiency pose a challenge for work force development as can’t ‘climb the ladder’ just stay stationary
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15
Q

Whats a successful rural region example

- positive factors

A

Napa Valley

  • low crime rate - 2 in last year
  • good range of schools - 15
  • low unemployment - 4.2%
  • wine industry: driven by immigrant labour- good place for them
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16
Q

Do these successful regions need REGEN

A
  • no

but may do in future e.g. SanFran bc Labour shortage will need fixing

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17
Q

CASE STUDY
Name a place in need of REGEN
- whats it part of?

A
  • Detroit

- part of the rust belt

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18
Q

What does the rust belt mean

A
  • referring to economic decline
  • population loss and urban decay
  • due to shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector
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19
Q

A place in need of REGEN

- What happened

A

Detroit

  • lots of industry went West
  • people weren’t needed
  • decline of US steel and coal industries
  • cheaper to make and extract in China
  • free trade agreements NAFTA - cheaper to get manufacturing done in Mexico then transport
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20
Q

A place in need of REGEN

- Why

A

Detroit

  • from 2000 - 2012, 26.6% population change bc no one wants to live there
  • high levels of unemployment: nearly a third of population: jobless
  • high levels of diabetes - not eating healthily
  • high levels of envy theft and wrath crime (violent)
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21
Q

Why does Detroit not need REGEN

A
  • house prices already reasonably high - if regenerated - even higher - not helping homeless
  • despite poverty low suicide rates - good support “all in it together” - strong community
  • high levels of graduation/education
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22
Q

Whats the criteria for analysing the need for regeneration

A

Economic:
- employment rates
- business artes
property values
Social:
- ethnicity, education, healthcare, facilities
Environmental: Derelict land, closed shops, graffiti, pollution,, transport

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23
Q

Define: Rebranding

A
  • the marketing aspect of regeneration designed to attract businesses/residents/visitors
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24
Q

Define: Infrastructure

A
  • basic physical systems of a place
    1. economic - roads/water/sewage
    2. social - public housing/hospitals/schools
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25
Q

Define: Hard regeneration

A
  • used to refer to capital investment, physical buildings and infrastructure
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26
Q

Define: Soft regeneration

A
  • refers to skills and education
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27
Q

Name some players involved in regeneration strategies

A
  • infrastructure/projects authority

- UK trade/investment

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28
Q

CASE STUDY

  • Difference of opinion 1 example
  • Facts
A
  • London Heathrow - airport development (third runway)
  • in 2015 after 12 years - expansion was recommended
  • £18.6 billion
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29
Q

CASE STUDY

  • Difference of opinion 1 example
  • Those FOR
A

London Heathrow
- Geoff Hoon (Transport Secratary) -will keep to air/noise regulations
- Colin Matthews (BAA) - make H more reliable
- Ian Taylor (Conservative MP) - all private money - not public - no taxes
Economy:
- lots of new jobs
- help trade agreement - easy to get to and from China

30
Q

CASE STUDY

  • Difference of opinion 1 example
  • Those AGAINST
A

London Heathrow

  • Boris Johnson (Conservative MP) - more traffic/flights = pollution
  • Environmentalists:
  • residents homes being demolished
  • little support 4 mill signed against
  • H already above air pollution standards
  • more night flights - 1 mil affected by noise
31
Q

CASE STUDY
DIFFERENCE OF OPINION 2
- name example and give facts

A

High Speed Two (HS2)
- London 2 Bham, Manchester and Leeds
“northern powerhouse regeneration scheme”
Phase 1 complete in 2026
Phase 2 complete in 2033
- there are controversy about : costs, benefits and impacts

32
Q

CASE STUDY
DIFFERENCE OF OPINION 2
- name example and give COSTS

A
  • HS2
  • £55.7 billion - V expensive - should spend on education, hospitals
  • will be built outside people’s homes, but can’t even get on as only starts from Bham, but will have V fast train running outside house
33
Q

CASE STUDY
DIFFERENCE OF OPINION 2
- name example and give BENEFITS

A
  • 250mph - v fast

- multiplier effect - will help businesses in the north-more money- pay it self back

34
Q

what are the two difference of opinion case studies

A
  1. Heathrow

2. HS2

35
Q

Redevelopment Case study

  • give example
  • give background info
A
  • East London Redevelopment Case Study
  • The 2012 London Olympics is being used as a catalyst to regenerate over 500 acres of brownfield land located in some of the most disadvantaged boroughs in the UK
36
Q

Redevelopment Case study

- what are this plans

A

Stratford

  1. cleaning up the land
  2. regenerating brown field sites
  3. creating a sustainable legacy
37
Q

What is employment/jobs/social life like in the East End of London (Redevelopment case study)

A
  • high unemployment
  • low paid jobs eg factory (£20,000)
  • high levels of school dropouts
  • lots of gang culture
  • youngest community in UK over 41% are under 24 - no high end skills
  • lots of single parent families - can’t work bc looking after kids
  • 1 in 4 houses are over crowded
  • environments is derelict/abandoned/tipping
38
Q

how will regeneration help> the economy

of east london

A
  • overall net increase in jobs
  • building new euro star link (stratford to paris/brussels)
  • 50,000 new jobs created after games
  • now highly connected- good for business
  • 1million square feet of office space
39
Q

how will regeneration help> the environment

of east london

A
  • hoping for most sustainable games ever
  • create park “lee valley park” stretches from one end to the other
  • pylons under ground so look better
  • contaminated soil being cleared
40
Q

how will regeneration help> socially

of east london

A
  • hope for people with better skills ie to learn to drive digger - then get better job “construction college”
  • “streets of growth” - 8 week training programme
41
Q

will there be any negatives of the east london redevelopment case study

A
  • 200 businesses had to be demolished to make way for the park - some of which were new (2001-fish factory)
  • had to demolish housing estate (450ppl) , travellers estate, students halls of residence = will be mor expensive = double the rate
42
Q

what’s fracking

A
  • hydraulic fracturing
  • causes earthquakes
  • occurring bc high demand of oil
43
Q

what points do “encouragement policies” argue about immigration

A
  • increased national GDP
  • skill shortages filled
  • willingness to work hard for low wages
  • young workers and families stabilise ageing population structure
  • immigrants work, earn, spend, pay tax and national insurance
44
Q

what points do “restrictive policies” respond to the arguments about immigration

A

“they take our jobs/homes”
“they are a drain on public services”
“they come here to sponge off benefits”

(for migrants to claim benefits they have to work in the UK for 12 months

45
Q

population;
births -> _____ -> _____
immigrants -> _____ -> _____
asylum seekers -> _____ -> _____

A

natural increase -> deaths
net migration -> emigration
refugees -> failed asylum seekers

46
Q

what tensions were created by the 2012 Olympic Games

A
  • Clays Land estate was a housing co-operative development for vulnerable single people in Newham, London
  • site was designated for athletes village and 430 residents were evicted
  • many small businesses were also evicted including Forman’s salmon smokers
  • Ian Sinclair - v critical of Clays Lane move ad was banned from speaking in libraries bc the LA didn’t want opposition of the development to be voiced in their public buildings
47
Q

what are 2 key challenges for high street shops

and what has it led to

A
  1. competition from out of town shopping centre
  2. the rapid growth of internet shopping
  • led to national government support of £1 billion to ensure growth in high street jobs
48
Q

give examples of tourism/leisure led regeneration

A
  • individuals house holds offering B&B
  • custom built centres eg centre parcs
  • leisure centres, gyms. skateboard parks
  • heritage theme attraction eg titanic in belfast
49
Q

what is culture led regeneration

A
  • Liverpool regenerating its Dockland area using the Beatles as the “draw” and “catalyst”
  • Ireland - Game of Thrones
  • Bristol - Banksey (guided tour app)
50
Q

who are the 3 players of an Enterprise zone

A
  1. business
  2. uk economy
  3. local communities
51
Q

what are the 2 categories that cause tensions between

  • local interest groups (wishing to preserve) and
  • developers seeking change
A
  • socio-economic eg trade unions, retirement and youth groups
  • environmental eg wildlife conservationists, outdoor activity participants, heritage preservationists
52
Q

give some regeneration strategies in the UK

A
  • rural diversification: glamping in hereford
  • retail-led regeneration in liverpool
  • marketing heritage for tourism eg titanic in belfast
53
Q

what government actions went ahead regarding retail-led regeneration

A
  • more click n collect / pop up shops
  • encouraging street markers
  • changes to business rates to help smaller ones compete with chains

EG Hereford Old Market

54
Q

what’s sport led regeneration

A

example: Newport International Sports Village

- jobs created … in building facilities … one off event … recurring ones

55
Q

give examples of “agriculture based diversification”

A
  • farming unusual animals eg ostrich/llama/alpaca
  • producing and selling dairy products eg Shepherds Ice cream, Hay on Wye
  • farm shorts eg Over, Gloucester
  • growing energy crops eg oilseed rape/elephant grass
56
Q

give examples of “non-agriculture based diversification”

A
  • golf courses
  • music festival
  • wind/solar power generation sites
  • B and B/glamping eg in Ivington and DofE camp sites eg Llanigon
  • horse riding
57
Q

what are the 3 diff types of regeneration

A
  1. retail led
  2. culture (rural diversification-agriculture)
  3. tourism/leisure led (sport)
58
Q

what are reasons for regeneration: economic

A
  • increase income
  • increase employment
  • decrease poverty

(must know aim of regeneration before determining how successful)

59
Q

what does “legacy” mean

A

the long term effects of a regeneration scheme
(positive or negative)
- based on reuse of buildings/amount of government support needed/level of private investment/whether locals benefit in long run

60
Q

what’s a catalyst

A

the method of event that starts a regeneration scheme

61
Q

what’s Area Based Initiatives (ABI)

A
  • aim to improve selected people or places within a specific location

eg Hereford Academy within an Education Action Zone

62
Q

Define Poverty

A
  • relative to the place and time in which people live
63
Q

what are reasons for regeneration: social and demographic

A
  • reduction in inequality
  • reduction in deprivation
  • demographic changes - increased life expectancy, reduced health deprivation

(must know aim of regeneration before determining how successful)

64
Q

what are reasons for regeneration: environments

A
  • reduced pollution levels
  • reduction in abandoned and derelict land

(must know aim of regeneration before determining how successful)

65
Q 
demographic measures:
- life expectancy 
- health deprivation 
- disability 
if regeneration IS successful then these measures will go... (up/down)
A
  • up
  • down
  • down

(may take years to show)

66
Q

Olympic Park site - successful regeneration? (500 acre polluted brown field site- will be cleaned and help…)

  • environment
  • jobs
  • infrastructure
  • new housing
  • new amenities
  • accessibility
A
  • environment- the Lea Valley’s polluted water ways will be cleaned and new habitats created
  • jobs - 12,000 new permanent jobs and 1000s of temporary jobs
  • infrastructure - £17bn will be spent on transport eg Docklands light rail way
  • new housing - athletes village will be converted into affordable housing (9000 new homes)
  • new amenities - 5 of new sport venues will remain for local community
  • accessibility - all people: age/disabilities cs. use facilities and transport
67
Q

how successful is regeneration: Plymouth Case Study

- what did they do

A
  • 2014 government signed a “city deal” to bring millions of pounds of investment - transferred dockyard land to council - cresting 1200 new jobs
  • city awarded £670,000 of funding from crown estate to improve coast
  • good uni - improved education with new buildings
  • big green space over looking English Channel - popular space for music events
68
Q

give rural regeneration example

A
  • the eden project, cornwall
69
Q

what are the issues affecting past production in rural areas
(eden project, cornwall case study)

A
  1. low income regions (weather dependent-farm-low pay)
  2. home affordability (houses expensive) - second homes (push up house prices)
  3. accessibility (lack of public transport n narrow/poorly maintained roads)
  4. services (lack of) due to second homes bc no permanent residents so pubs/shops empty in winter (dormitory village)
  5. “brain drain” (when skilled young people leave for better employment)
70
Q

what’s a dormitory village

A

villages that people live but never use services

  • go to better towns
  • cashing them to close down
71
Q

what would have happened is the St. Austell Eden Project Regeneration did not happen

A
  • closure of Clay Pitt in Cornwall - 2000 job loss. vast scar on Cornish landscape
  • very unattractive for tourists-further impacts of unemployment and landscape
  • families able to work left the area
  • fall in population, bringing it below threshold population
  • meant closure of further services eg pubs
  • 1 pub closing every week in county
  • young people left for better education
  • left mainly elderly people
  • left them with sense of population
72
Q

what’s a threshold population

A

the minimum number of people necessary before a particular service can be provided in an area

Human Geography (7 decks)

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