Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

Define Globalisation

A

The increasing interconnectedness of the world economically, culturally and politically i.e. a process in which human activities are organised on a global not national scale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 types of globalisation?

A
  • Economic
  • Social/cultural
  • Political
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is economic globalisation?

A

Goods and services produced in one part of the world are increasingly available in others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are examples of economic globalisation?

A
  • Cheaper in other countries
  • Lots of chemicals: can dump easily in other countries
    = Global market place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
What do...
- TNC
- MNC
- FDI
...stand for?
A

Transnational company
Multinational company
Foreign Direct Investment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do more of TNC and MNC lead too?

A

More FDI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is FDI?

A

Where one business directly invests in another business in another country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why if FDI now easier?

A

As money (capital) flows almost instantaneously round the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What problems arise from more FDI

A

Credit crunch = sudden reduction in the general availability of loans(or credit)
People couldn’t afford houses/cars -> bankrupt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s another word for money

A

Capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s global shift?

A

Movement of industry from HIC’s to new cheaper locations (the NEEs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does
NEE
stand for?

A

Newly Emerging Economies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name two causes of globalisation

A
  1. 1866 - Telegram cable across Atlantic: could talk instantly
  2. 1939-1945 - WW2: Lots of countries got involved: USA, Africa, India, Japan etc - v. global then EU formed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is containerisation?

A

A system of intermodal freight transport using standard containers
- can be loaded onto ships, railways, planes and lorries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s TEU?

A

Twenty foot equivalent unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Advantages of containerisation?

A
  • Can be locked
  • Steel: can’t break
  • Safe
  • Improvements in port handing efficiency=lower costs= increased trade flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s mass air transport?

A

Jet aircraft have replaced passenger ships for inter continental travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what’s flag carriers

A

countries that have own airline that only they use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are low cost airlines?

A

an airline that generally has lower fares, but may charge for extras eg food priority seat allocation and baggage etc
- good as have increased air travel in LICs for tourism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s air freight?

A

carry goods over air

  • increased by 15% since 1970
  • 5% of all goods traded go by air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is included in “recent globalisation”

A
  • from 2000 onwards
  • driven forwards by development in ICT and mobile phone tech.
    eg internet, email, www, mobiles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why does ict help?

A
  • makes the world feel ‘borderless’
  • also allows companies to become ‘footloose’ = free to go abroad and sell products
  • allows businesses to trade more cheaply eg conference call and no flights etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does:

  • switched on country
  • switched off country
A
  • access to internet

- no access

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what’s the impact of modern telecommunications on businesses?

A
  • reduces need for face 2 face interactions eg email, video conference (cheaper)
  • businesses can be footloose
  • it enabling rapid movement of money and information around the globe (up to date with everything)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what’s the FLAG (fibre optic link around the globe)

A
  • $1.5 billion project
  • 28000km underwater cable
  • snaking its way across the ocean floor from britain to japan
  • offers uninterrupted data between europe and asia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are advantages of fibre optic cables?

A
  • voices and data traffic is faster, cheaper, more reliable and subject to less interference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are disadvantages of fibre optic cables?

A
  • submarine pipelines are vulnerable to both physical and human attack
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what’s time space compression

A

ict has changed our conception of time distance and barriers to goods, people and money
aka “the shrinking world”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what’s a special economic zone?

A

(sez) a geography region that has economic and other laws that are more free market oriented than a countries typical national laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what do SEZ do (china)

A

mainly export related manufacturing areas where the taxes are reduced as an incentive for companies to offshore or out shore manufacturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

China:

How did they change in policy?

A
  • run by communist party since 1949 revolution
  • began to adopt neo-liberal economics (free market) in 1978.
  • TNCs play major role in economics
  • joined WTO 2001 (door opened even further)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define: off shore

A

business go to china and buy land and build factory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define: outsource

A

business will employ a Chinese companies to make products in china on its behalf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Political globalisation:

What does G8 stand for?

A

-Group of eight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Who is in g8?

A

leaders from; Canada, france, Germany, Italy, japan, Russia, uk and us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what do G8 do?

A

leaders take it in turn to be president

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

is G8 a good idea?

A

this IGO only contains 8 countries out of 195 making international decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What’s the WTO?

A
  • founded in 1995
  • world trade organisation for ‘liberalising trade’
  • considerable power
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Whose the WTO used by?

A
  • EU, US and individual TNC’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what do the WTO do?

A
  • For governments to negotiate trade agreements

- and settle trade disputes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the positives of WTO?

A
  • have liberalised trade, so easier to trade between nations = globalisation of companies
  • battled to reduce tax on goods and services, benefited countries wishing to both import ad export
  • points above have helped some countries to grow economically as trade barriers lifted= countries with little clout could sell goods around the world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the negatives of WTO?

A
  • too powerful, when coupled with IMF & WB - can force entire countries to change laws for the benefit of its member countries eg Indonesia
  • wto is run by the rich for the rich - gives no significant weight to problems of developing countries eg rich countries haven’t fully opened to products from poor
  • no interest in conditions in sweat shops for eg- only aims are to assist trade between nations
  • lowered GDP
  • lacks democratic accountability - its hearing on trade disputes are closed to public and media
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is trade blocs

A

agreement between a group of countries that either reduce of eliminate the barriers to trade - making it easier for a select number of countries to trade amongst themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

give 4 examples of trade blocks

A

eu -Europe union
nafta - north American free trade area
asean - association of southeast Asian nations
caricom - Caribbean community (15 member nations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

positives of trade blocks

A
  • lower prices of commodities due t minimal tariffs on importation and exportation between the member countries
  • stimulate trade between member countries
  • free trade agreements: positive impact on economic growth and help countries focus on what they do best
  • opening doors for other countries to compete fairly (w/o tariffs or trade policies)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

negatives of trade blocks

A
  • congressional budget office said; the pursuit of free trade could ‘divert the world from multilateral negotiations and lead to the developments of rival trading blocks’
  • exploitation of developing countries by industrialised countries
  • environmental concerns as the production of goods overseas is not consistently regulated from country 2 country
  • political concerns that may influence negotiations between trading partners
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what’s political globalisation

A

the increasing number and power of associations which influence or govern the world as a whole eg UN, EU, NATO, WTO, G8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what’s colonialism

A

the extension of a nations sovereignty over territory beyond its borders
indigenous populations are directly ruled or displaced
have more resources and labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what’s imperialism (today)

A

eg usa
strong influence over many countries
it doesn’t directly rule them but influences them economically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what’s the IMF

A
  • based in US
  • channels loads from hics to lics who apply for help
  • then they must run free market economies in return
  • resulting in TNCs being able to enter these countries more easily
  • there is rules eg have to cut back on heath care, education , sanitation etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What’s the world bank

A
  • lends money on a global scale
  • headquartered in Washington, DC (us)
  • gives direct grants to developing countries
  • help given to Philippeanes in 2014 and to Democratic Republic
  • total: US$65 billion in loans and grants in 2014
  • like IMF, the WB imposes strict conditions on its L&G
  • all WB presidents have been American
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Whats the WTO

A

World Trade Organisation

  • took over from General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs in 1995
  • Based in Switzerland
  • advocates trade liberalisation - especially for manufactured goods and asks countries to abandon protections in favour of untaxed trade
  • failed to stop richest countries e.g. US and UK from subsiding their own food products
  • harmful to farmers in developing countries, who want to trade on a level playing field
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How is Indonesia an e.g. of a cause of globalisation

A
  • IMF joining with Suharto, a man who killed communist sympathies
  • opened the doors to globalisation because it allowed the west to open markets in Indonesia.
  • enabling them to set up companies, this means the TNCs can move in and exploit the Indonesia workers by making them work long hours with little pay.
54
Q

Name 3 other causes of globalisation

A

1) 15th century - beginning of slave trade: slaves to America - changed name, culture, religion
2) 1804 - Trevithick (steam trains): first time not using horse and carriage - fast, lots of people
3) 1866 - telegram cable across Atlantic: cable in sea, instant contact e.g. usa 2 uk

55
Q

What are the two types of migration

A

1) Elite Migration

2) Low waged migration

56
Q

Whats ‘elite migration’

A
  • highly skilled
  • multiple homes in diff countries
    aka ‘millionaire migration’ ‘oligarch migration’
57
Q

whats ‘international elites’

A

high levels of wealth
can easily migrate
e.g. footballer, movie star

58
Q

define; host country

A

the country migrants have moved to

59
Q

define; source country

A

country migrants have left

60
Q

define; remittances

A

money made in the host country sent back home

61
Q

what are 6 reasons for FDI (motives for TNCs)

A

1) raw materail seeking
2) cheaper labour costs
3) market seeking
4) accounting benefits
5) political leverage
6) environmental exploitation

62
Q

give example of out sourcing

A

Coca Cola

63
Q

give example of off-shoring

A

HSBC bank

64
Q

out sourcing?

off shoring?

A

someone else does work for us

the work is done overseas

65
Q

what does HSBS bank do

A

offshoring processing work to LEDCs to reduce cost of providing services in MEDCs
offshoring angered workers and trade unions in both US and UK bc of lose of jobs

66
Q

what does coca cola do

A

out sourcing process by moving to India as everything was cheaper
but problems arose e.g. lack of water - crops won’t grow

67
Q

Whats a TNC

A

Trans national cooperations

  • locates in more than 1 country
  • multi locations / multi plants
  • few are truly global
68
Q

benefits of locating TNCs in LICs

A
  • cheaper wages
  • lower tax
  • plentiful work force
  • raw materials
69
Q

reasons for countries being ‘ switched off’

A
  • political eg corrupt
  • physical e.g. mountains
  • cultural e.g. don’t want to be cultralised
70
Q

give example of a switched off place

A
  • North Korea
  • split from S Korea in 1948
  • ruled by the Jong-un family
  • purposely isolated from rest of the world
71
Q

why is N Kore switched off

A
  • no access to internet
  • 3 tv channels (2 only available on weekends)
  • bible possession = illegal
  • wearing jeans = illegal
  • non state moves = punishable by death
  • only military and government can own a car
  • no undersea cables connections
72
Q

whats global shift

A
  • the global scale relocation of diff. types of industrial activity
  • especially manufacturing has bought w/ it both positive and negative aspects
73
Q

Why are large parts of Africa bypassed by globalisation

A
  • Corruption
  • Debt
  • Un skilled Labour
  • Crime
  • Politically unstable
74
Q

Whats a case study that shows a negative aspect of globalisation

A
  • Coca Cola, India

because the people and the environment were negatively effected

75
Q

What happened in Bhopal, India

- 1984

A

a dangerous chemical reaction occurred

  • 3800 dead
  • 11,000 disabled
76
Q

What are the positive aspects of globalisation for Chinese workers

A
  • greater availability of employment
  • regular pay
  • change in attitudes for women
77
Q

What are the negative aspects of globalisation for Chinese workers

A
  • poor pay: $2 a day
  • long hours: 11-16
  • ## young workers: 14+ (miss an education)
78
Q

What are negative environmental factors in China

A
  • no clouds just constant fog from smoke
  • 75% of cities have not met air quality criteria
  • 60% of Chinas water is polluted
  • fish are diseased
79
Q

What does BRICS stand for

A 
Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa
80
Q

What does MINT stand for

A

Mexico
Indonesia
Nigeria
Turkey

81
Q

What are the BRICS

A

countries that started to show increased levels of globalisation in the 80s

82
Q

What are the MINT

A

countries that are the next lot that are showing higher globalisation

83
Q

Why is Nigeria increasing its globalisation

A

Its production of oil

84
Q

How is Wales globalised

A

a small town in Wales… Brymbo village

  • steel works closed in 1990
  • 1100 jobs were lost
  • town went into ‘depression’
  • residents= negative equity
85
Q

Whats the ‘negative equity’

A

it occurs when price of your property is worth less than what you are paying for your mortgage

86
Q

What has ‘negative equity’ got to do with globalisation (in the UK)

A
  • little industry left in UK because all gone to China
87
Q

Why has Detroit got the highest level of ‘negative equity’ in the US

A

because D used to be hot spot for cars - now all closed down - gone to china - now second poorest place in US

88
Q

Give facts about Detroit

A
  • 1000 people a month leave Detroit
  • high crime rate
  • empty buildings
  • can’t afford to eat
89
Q

Why did Detroits industry collapse?

A

1) Market Location: near ports
2) the “wrong type of car” - big cars not wanted
3) costs of workers healthcare
4) Cheaper labour
5) import/export costs

90
Q

Effects of deindustrialization on cities?
1. Inner city area…

… 11. Quality of life gets worse

A
  1. Old factories close
  2. Jobs lost
  3. People leave inner city
  4. Fewer services needed, schools and shops close
  5. More jobs lost
  6. More people leave
  7. People left: elderly/ low income groups
  8. Little money is put into area, so becomes more run down
  9. Lands become derelict
  10. More crime and vandalism
91
Q

What is the rural urban migration

A
  • the movement of people and business from rural areas into towns and cities
  • leads to urbanisation
92
Q

Define urbanisation

A
  • an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas within a specific location
93
Q

what is creating ‘mega cities’

A
  • the mass movement of people to urban areas
94
Q

what are ‘mega cities’

A

cities with a population of 10 million or more people

e.g. LA, Bangkok

95
Q

Why do people migrate

A

Down to pull or push factors

96
Q

What are push factors

A
  • something about their home that makes them want to leave

e. g. poverty, crime, unemployment, disaster

97
Q

What are pull factors

A
  • element of a location that draws a migrant
  • usually opposite of push factor
    e. g. good employment, low crime
98
Q

What are the ‘intervening objects’ in the ‘Lee’s Migration Model’

A
  • they may prevent migration from taking place or may reduce the numbers moving
  • distance may be such an obstacle while social or economic factors may also act as obstacles
99
Q

define natural increase

A

where a place has a higher birth rates compared to its death

opposite: natural decrease

100
Q

what do
CBR and CDR
stand for

A

crude birth rate

crude death rate

101
Q

what is the difference between a countries CDR and CBR

A

natural increase

102
Q

what does a high rate of urbanisation lead to

A

a high birth rate bc migrants will have children

103
Q

What 2 goals must be met to make megacities sustainable

A
  1. environmental sustainability

2. social sustainability

104
Q

what are ‘global hubs’

A
  • highly globally connected cities
    aka ‘smart cities’ ‘world cities’
    (v globalised)
105
Q

what are some factors of global hubs

A
  • highly connected
  • v globalised
  • strong economy
  • good work force
  • drowns in range on migrants
  • strong infrastructure
  • large no. of TNCs
  • range of jobs in tertiary and quaternary sector
106
Q

give example of global hubs

A

London, New York, Tokyo

107
Q

what is a global hub recognised by

A
  • how influential it is

e. g. a socio-economic influence globally

108
Q

give 2 benefits of host nation

A
  • economic migrants willingly do labouring work that locals may be reluctant to do e.g. polish farm workers in Peterborough
  • fills particular skills shortages e.g. Indian doctors arriving in UK in 1950/60s
109
Q

give 2 benefits of source region

A
  • less public spending on housing and health (unemployment in Poland has halved since 2004)
  • migrants may return bringing new skills (British asians returns in India to start health clubs)
110
Q

give 2 costs to host nation

A
  • local shortages of primary school places bc natural increase among a youthful migrant community
  • social tensions if people think migration has led to lack of jobs/ affordable housing
111
Q

give 2 costs to source nations

A
  • closure of universities courses due to lack of students

- reduced economic growth as consumption falls

112
Q

define culture

A
  • the ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular people of society
  • each culture has own traits, making it unique
    e. g. language
113
Q

give culture traits

A 
language 
religion
ethnicity
clothing
music 
food and drink
114
Q

what is culture diffusion

A
  • the spread of a culture

e. g. Roman Empire: straight roads, wine, baths

115
Q

why don’t some people like culture diffusion

A

bc considered to be a form of “soft powder”

116
Q

what is: “soft powder”

A
  • where a place has changed the culture in another place bc of large amount of influence on media and entertainment
117
Q

what is ‘americanisation/westernisation’

A
  • argued that the US have used ‘soft powder’ to change the culture of other nations
118
Q

what is culture imperialism

A

where a culture is more dominant over nations

e.g. the English language

119
Q

CASE STUDY: NIGERIA

REASONS FOR CULTURAL CHANGE

A
  1. the indigenous languages are under threat due to dominance of English language
  2. Nigerian music been neutralised w western music
  3. Nigerian youth prefer western hair styes/ clothes
  4. changing gender roles
  5. culture of borrowing money has emerged
  6. nigeria become big importer of rice, but now prefer American rice - farmer loss jobs
  7. effected settlement patterns - ppl leave for cities
  8. pay school fees due to privatisation of education
120
Q

Why is McDonalds so successful

A

bc can ‘glocalise’
- where we can take dominant culture and weave it into the local one, making its entry into local culture more readily accepted

121
Q

why do China the loser of globalisation

A

bc want to be like west, so eat as obesity and heart disease is a trend

122
Q

why is the media a benefit to spread awareness

A

bc it shows different cultures and lives, so become more accepted and more common globally

e. g. Paralympics in NEEs and LICs
- disabled people now knows as ‘super human’

123
Q

White Horse Village, CHINA

What happened before?

A
  • people forced out homes
  • farmland replaced
  • no homes for villagers
124
Q

White Horse Village, CHINA

What happened after?

A
  • new shops open everyday
  • 1000s of new residents
  • bridges and tunnels built in mountains
  • new schools built
125
Q

how to calculate the Gini Coefficient

A

A

—

126
Q

what’s the line of equality scale

A 
0 - perfect equality 
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 - perfect inequality
127
Q

What is post accession migration

A

the sudden moment of migrants into other EU countries when their home country joins the EU
- happened in 2008 when 8 Eastern countries joined the EU

128
Q

what were the 2 impacts of post accession migration

A

1) Thriving migrant diaspora
eg NY, lots of culture, mixed and vibrant

2) Extremism and racial/cultural tension

129
Q

define diaspora

A

the dispersion/spread of a group of people from their original home

130
Q

give an example of Diaspora

A

New York

  • 5 boroughs is most diverse
  • speak around 800 languages
  • so many groups yet so little racial conflict
  • every third person is a migrant
  • openly embrace range of ethnicities eg parades- chinese new year
131
Q

give examples social tension

A

after Brexit - rise in extremism
“leave the EU, no more polish vermin”
Groups: Britain first

Human Geography (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions