Migration: Case Studies Flashcards
Name a rural-urban migration CS
China
rural-urban CS: Name four facts about China
- emerging country
- worlds biggest economy
- worlds largest population
- worlds third largest land area country
rural-urban CS: Where did most people in China live up until 2012
- in remote/rural areas
- life was difficult
- then starting moving to cities (rural-urban migration)
rural-urban CS: What system does China have that slows the rate of migration
The catch?
“The Hukou System”
- people receive benefits: education/healthcare/social security
- BUT if you leave your own region; forfeit these rights
rural-urban CS: What are the 3 causes for rural-urban migration (push factors)
- labour surplus in rural china: Hukou system so effective that surplus of workers build up - but only job is farming - so workers look at large cities
- extreme poverty: 362mil Chinese live on less than $2/day - poor living conditions - drives them to city for hope of better income
- agrarian culture - rural Chinese live on agrarian lifestyle becomes less entrenched with this lifestyle - look for more productive work
rural-urban CS: What is the agrarian lifestyle (cause for rural-urban migration)
farming land/raising stocks little clean water lack of modern equipment constant threat of extreme drought **not appealing to each new generation**
rural-urban CS: What is meant by the “floating population”
- when rural Chinese are pushed from their homes, referred to as part go the “floating population”
- bc they live in urban area w/o household registration status through the Hukou System
- 250mil urban workers in poverty, but unaccounted for as registered as rural
rural-urban CS: Rural-Urban migration struggles in the city
- difficult living conditions: makeshift dorms in soon to be demolished buildings
- families that move together lose access to education/healthcare
- families that split up: husband leaves for city, only visits 1/2 times a year to bring back money. sometimes wife leaves too: creates generation of left behind children
Japanese: non-migration policy CS
what is needed to overcome the ageing population/shrinking workforce
- needs 200,000 immigrants a year as well as a fertility rate above replacement level
- this is needed bc an ageing population and shrining workforce is likely to lead to: lower standard of living and reduced economies of scale
Japanese: non-migration policy CS
why do the Japanese believe in restricting immigration
- culture based a homogenous population and racial unification - reflected by government policies
- many politicians and citizens believe these restrictions have brought harmony and cooperation to their society
- also believe welcoming large numbers of foreigners would disrupt society and increase crime
Japanese: non-migration policy CS
suggestions to solve ageing population/shrinking work force
- increase number of working women
- encourage elderly to work
- robots could fill worker shortage
Japanese: non-migration policy CS
criticisms for expansion of the foreign trainee programme
- exploiting cheap workforce rather than fulfilling the original aim of giving skills to those in developing countries
Name a non-immigration policy CS
Japan
fact: in 2015, 790,000 foreign workers in Japan, 40% from China
Rural-urban migration in Spain
- give three facts
- Spain is a developed country
- core-periphery system growth has accelerated rapidly in Spain
- Terial and Soria (provinces) have 600 villages with <100 people at the average age of 57
- high rural unemployment: young people seek out new opportunities in Madrid and Barcelona
- low birth rate in Spain means recovery is unlikely
Name two different nation states
Iceland and Singapore
Two different nation states: Singapore: population, location and when did it become independent
- in 2014 5.27mil population
- located at tip of Malaysian Peninsula
- became independent in 1965: vibrant mix of culture/language/religions/festivals/food
Two different nation states: What did the Singaporean government try to do
- generate national identity, largely based on Asian values
- but many Singaporeans had they own ideas about this issue, can contradict the governments (problematic)
Two different nation states: What caused the large growth in population in Singapore
- due to immigration
- particularly from China, but also India and Malaysia
Two different nation states: Iceland: population, location and when did it become independent
- 336,000 (over half of that live in Reykjavík, the capital - monocultural population)
- located in mid-Atlantic Ocean
- gained independence from Denmark in 1944
Two different nation states: Iceland: what actions are taken to preserve the heritage
- all children name’s must come from book of Icelandic names to preserve language
- phone book listed by FIRST name as everyone has similar last name (fathers name + son for boys or dóttir for girls)
- language remains unchanged since 870s AD but other Nordic languages plus English/German is wildly spoken
- 74% Icelanders belong to Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland
Two different nation states: Iceland: what’s Icelands atmosphere like
- most is completely empty and unsettled
DRC (post-colonial): factors influencing change
- raw materials - drew Europeans to the region
- geo-political strategies put Mobutu in change, this left ordinary people in debt
- cross borders ethnic ties meant conflict involved more than one nation
- displaced refugees yet to be rehabilitated and armed militia groups still operate in East
DRC (post-colonial): geopolitical changes
- colonised by Belgium (1870-1960)
- independence of Zaine (1960-1990): leader renamed country and created a difficult regime for TNCs to operate and gained $4bn for himself
- regime change and conflict (1990s-2000s): Mobutu remove from power
- attempted conflict resolution (2000s): UN peace keepers are trying to bring stability, World Bank has approved $8bn in debt relief
name a case study for post-colonial, the changes
Democratic Republic of Congo
DRC (post-colonial): the costs of conflict for Democratic Republic of Congo
- economic costs: in 2016, GDP per capita was $435/year despite its rich resources
- political mismanagement and conflict squandered the country’s early development opportunities
- environmental costs: conflict in the 1990s led to widespread abandonment of farmland and the re-growth of secondary forest. simultaneously, loss of vegetation occupied in an around the massive refugee camps where poor sanitation has allowed diseases such as cholera to thrive
- human costs: DRC has one of the world’s lowest HDI scores, life expectancy is just 49
- majority of deaths among younger people are due to infections diseases and malnutrition used with the loss of health services and food security due to conflict
name a case study for intervention
Democratic Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of Congo: intervention
- what is all the fighting about
DRC is extremely wealthy and big, rich in diamonds/golds/copper/cobalt and zinc, plus coltan (used in mobile phones)
BUT this resource wealth has not benefited the people
- vast country has little roads/railways, lacks health/education system
- instead riches attracted rapacious adventures, unscrupulous corporations, vicious warlords and corrupt governments and divided population between competing ethnic groups
Democratic Republic of Congo: intervention
- is there now peace
- most of the country now found peace
- central government slow reasserted control
- first democratic election is more than 40 years
- but wars/conflicts/accusations continued, plus reports of mass rapes/killings committed by rebels
- deals collapsed
Democratic Republic of Congo: intervention
- what is UN doing to end the conflict
- UN’s peacekeeping mission has been in CRS since 1999 (one of the biggest operations in the world)
- protects civilians and help reconstruct the country
- however UN accused of not stopping the violence/rapes
- Congolese government wants UN force out of the country
intervention example: UN intervention in DRC
- reason
- description
- recoveries from a conflict known as Africa’s first World war, lead to loss of 5m lives/peace keepers in country since 1999 protect civilians and help reconstruction
- 20,000 peacekeepers under article 7 roles, can fire if necessary, 2005: international court of justice rules Uganda compensation DRC for plundering natural resources
sanction example: UN sanction against Iran
- reason
- description
- suspicion that Iran, considered by some a “rouge state” was attempting to build nuclear weapons
- UN security council threatened sanctions against Iran if it did not cease enrichment activity/banned supply of nuclear related materials/technology/freeing assets of individuals and companies related to the programme
name case study that imposed sanctions
UN sanction against Iran
name case study that did intervention
UN intervention in DRC
sanction example: UN sanction against Iran
- success
- failures
- pressure of sanctions and inspection from other countries brought Iran to the negativity table
- Boycott of oil exports negatively impacted countries eg Spain/Italy
intervention example: UN intervention in DRC
- success
- failures
- provided people w/ protection from rebel and militating groups, enable democratic elections in 2006, involvement in breaking peace agreements in between groups
- peacekeeping mission has been in DRC since 1999, $10bn spent of troops, largest by UN in con flicks management, country dependent on external support for political stability 2009 report, UN involvement had done nothing to endl the violence, the Congolese government wants UN to leave the country
name case study for evaluating the success of IGOs
Montreal Protocol on the depletion of Stratospheric zone
Montreal Protocol on the depletion of Stratospheric zone
- gives facts
- redo look in book*
- fears over overexposure to UV light which can cause cancer
- public opinion in the developed world caused governments to act quickly - within 14 years of the discovery, the Montreal protocol on substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed
- this international treaty phased out the production of the chemicals responsible
- scientists predict the Ozone layer will return to 1980 levels by 2070
- ratified by 197 countries - first universally ratified treaty in UN history
name second case study for evaluating the success of IGOs
convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
- gives facts
- redo look in book*
- manage international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants so that their survival is not threatened
- such trade is capable of bringing some species close to extinction
- the convention came into force after 12 years of negotiations and by 2016, 182 countries had signed
- the countries only voluntary adhere to the rules and are able to pass their own laws to implement CITES
- more than 35,000 species of plants and animals are now given caring degrees of protection
- introduced protection of several rare species that were being traded over the internet and animals being traded for fashion/medicine
- criticised for allowing its decisions to be influenced by commercial interests eg Atlantic blue fin tuna are not protected, despite concerns over sustainability
