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Geography > Regeneration > Flashcards

Regeneration Flashcards

Types of economies, functions of places and regeneration methods and successes

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1
Q

Primary economic activity

A

Involves collecting raw materials

Examples: farming, mining, cutting down wood

Case Study: Finland’s pulp (used to make paper) industry produces 17bn Euros a year

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2
Q

Secondary economic activity

A

Involves turning raw materials into sellable products

Examples: paper manufacturing, factories

Case Study: James Cropper in the Lake District produces paper from the raw pulp

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3
Q

Tertiary economic activity

A

Involves providing services to other people in the economy

Examples: taxi driver, doctors, restaurants

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4
Q

Quaternary economic activity

A

Involves IT software and scientific research and development

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5
Q

% of people in the UK who work in the tertiary sector

A

over 80%

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6
Q

Why do many firms choose to locate near good universities like Oxford and Cambridge?

A

Access to many talented workers who have recently graduated

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7
Q

What are zero hour contracts?

A

The worker does not get any guaranteed work in their contract and has the potential to work between 0-40 hours a week

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8
Q

Two ways to measure health

A
  1. Morbidity - degree of ill health
  2. Longevity - life expectancy
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9
Q

What is a food desert?

A

An area with limited access to supermarkets and fresh produce so tend to eat more unhealthy food.

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10
Q

What is the USA’s worst food desert?

A

New Orleans
A very high percentage of the population lives in poverty
Many grocery stores were destroyed and not replaced after Hurricane Katrina

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11
Q

How does life expectancy differ regionally throughout the UK?

A

People in the South (particularly near London) had the highest life expectancy in the UK
6 years higher in Harrow (London) than Glasgow

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12
Q

Life expectancy in the UK as of 2018

A

77 years for men
82 years for women

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13
Q

Key factors that determine life expectancy

A
  • Gender (women live longer than men)
  • Income (people with higher incomes live longer)
  • Education (better educated = higher life expectancy)
  • Access to healthcare
  • Lifestyle choices (smoking, diet)
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14
Q

Difference between Grammar School and Private School?

A

Private school - Parents pay to attend
Grammar schools - Students pass an entry test to get in

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15
Q

Demographic with the worst educational achievement in the UK

A

Working class and white

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16
Q

Relationship between income levels and GCSE results

A

In areas with a higher income, GCSE results tend to be higher

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17
Q

Difference in GCSE results between boys and girls

A

Girls tend to get better GCSE results than boys

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18
Q

Difference between income and wealth

A

Income - Someone’s yearly earnings
Wealth - Includes things like property and shares

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19
Q

What is the ‘trickle down effect’

A

The idea that income from the richest will ‘trickle down’ to the poorest in society.
This does not happen if the rich save their wealth.

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20
Q

What is a composite index?

A

An index with many factors, each of which are weighted differently

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21
Q

7 variables measured in the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

A
  • Income
  • Employment
  • Health deprivation or disability
  • Education and training
  • Crime
  • Access to housing
  • Local environment
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22
Q

Why do students from wealthier backgrounds usually get better GCSE results?

A
  • Their parents can afford private tutoring
  • Better home environment for them to learn in (e.g. less likely to share rooms with siblings)
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23
Q

By how much did the number of people visiting food banks in the UK rise by in 2018?

A

13%

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24
Q

What is the ‘function’ of a place?

A

The main reason why a settlement was built or continues to exist.

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25
Q

4 main functions of places

A
  • Retail (shops)
  • Administrative (government)
  • Commercial (offices)
  • Industrial (factories)
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26
Q

Areas in London that have/are experiencing gentrification

A

Shoreditch, Brixton, Elephant and Castle

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27
Q

What is gentrification?

A

When an area recieves and investment and improves, however, this pushes out low-income residents in favour of more affluent ones

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28
Q

Are people older in urban or rural areas?

A

Generally residents are older in rural places

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29
Q

Example of an area with a large immigrant population

A

Brixton

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30
Q

How can planning restrictions change a place?

A

Councils can manage where and how buildings are built. An example is in London, where buildings cannot block the view of St. Paul’s Cathedral.

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31
Q

What are clone high streets?

A

High streets that are very similar everywhere in the country with chain stores like Greggs and New Look.

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32
Q

How can transport change a place?

A

Better transport links encourage more people to move to an area and likely house prices will go up.

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33
Q

How is technology changing places?

A

With more people able to work from home, it is likely companies will want smaller office spaces.

Internet shopping is causing many high street stores to close as people can get their products online (e.g. Topshop)

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34
Q

How can change in places be measured?

A
  • Looking at old maps and comparing land use
  • Demographic changes
  • Employment changes
  • Levels of deprivation over time
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35
Q

How can politics affect a place?

A

They decide how the economy, and therefore industry is run. An example is under Thatcher the mining industry was nationalised, causing many places to lose their employment, making the town poorer.

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36
Q

Example of London commuter town?

A

Sevenoaks

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37
Q

Location of Middlesbrough

A

North-east England
Coastal
Near Newcastle

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38
Q

Location of Nottingham

A

East Midlands [of England]
Near cities like Sheffield and Birmingham
Central

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39
Q

What companies are based in Nottingham?

A
  • Capital One
  • Boots
  • Experian
  • Deloitte
  • eOn
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40
Q

What company left Middlesbrough?

A

SSI Steel Works in 2015
Around 3,200 jobs lost

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41
Q

How does Nottingham University have international links?

A

They have campuses in Malaysia and China

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42
Q

Racial makeup of Middlesbrough v. Nottingham

A

Middlesbrough: 88% white
Nottingham: 65% white

This shows Nottingham has had more economic migrants

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43
Q

How did the EU invest in Nottingham?

A

They invested in the regeneration of Sneinton Market

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44
Q

How is Middlesbrough isolated from other places

A
  • Not on a major motorway
  • Long distance from London
  • Not a main trainline
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45
Q

How did the EU invest in Middlesbrough

A

They recieved £9m from the ERDF (European Development Fund) to go to businesses in the Tees Valley

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46
Q

What science sector is big in Nottingham?

A

Bioscience

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47
Q

Average house price of Nottingham v. Middlesbrough

A

Nottingham: £237k
Middlesbrough: £160k

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48
Q

How is education poor in Middlesbrough?

A
  • 1 in 3 schools require improvement
  • 22.5% have no education qualifications
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49
Q

How is health poor in Nottingham?

A
  • They have a higher than average rate of long-term disability
  • Life expectancy roughly 2 years lower than national average
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50
Q

How is health poor in Middlesbrough?

A

Life expectancy roughly 3 years lower than national average

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51
Q

How do Nottingham and Middlesbrough compare in terms of deprivation?

A

Nottingham - 11th most deprived
Middlesbrough - 8th most deprived

Both have lots of deprivation, Nottingham slightly less

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52
Q

How is education poor in Nottingham?

A

Higher than average number of people have no qualifications

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53
Q

How has Nottingham regenerated its old industrial buildings?

A

The historical buildings relating to the textile industry have been repurposed as high quality apartments

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54
Q

How many uni students in Nottingham?

A

45,000

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55
Q

How have the populations changed in Nottingham and Middlesbrough?

A

Nottingham - population increase of around 4,000 a year
Middlesbrough - population decreased 8,000 in 20 years

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56
Q

Unemployment in Middlesbrough

A

14% - twice national average

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57
Q

What is the environment like in Middlesbrough?

A
  • Lots of industrial buildings remain abandoned and lots of brownfield sites
  • Whole streets boarded up
  • Problems with fly tipping
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58
Q

Example of Nottingham regenerating a brownfield site

A

Cornerhouse built in 2001 on former brownfield site
Now 750 staff

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59
Q

Environmental advantages and disadvantages of Nottingham

A

Advantages:
- St. Anns largest allotment in Europe
- Best public transport network in the UK

Disadvantages:
- Commuter towns like Ruddington have increased road congestion

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60
Q

What is the current UK target for net migration?

A

100,000 a year

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61
Q

What is net migration?

A

Net migration = number of immigrants - number of emigrants
(i.e. more people arrive than leave)

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62
Q

What is the Schengen Area?

A

A part of the EU where migrants can move freely without needing a passport. However, the UK was never part of this.

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63
Q

What are some positive economic effects of migration?

A
  • Fill skill shortages such as NHS doctors or farming labourers
  • Most migrants are young adults who will work and pay tax (instead of claiming a pension)
  • Many migrants are students who may stay in the country and contribute to important research
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64
Q

What are some negative economic effects of migration?

A
  • Some argue they put pressure on local services like schools and housing
  • European migrants may replace jobs that could be filled by someone British (although most economists think this is bollocks)
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65
Q

What is deregulation?

A

Giving banks more freedom

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66
Q

When did deregulation happen in the UK?

A

Margaret Thatcher deregulated many financial services in 1986

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67
Q

How has deregulation impacted the UK?

A

+ High amount of FDI comes into the UK, particularly in London
- The 2008 financial crash was linked to a failure to regulate banks

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68
Q

Examples of companies based in the City of London

A

GLG (hedge fund)
Blackrock (asset manager)
Bank of America

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69
Q

Examples of companies based in Canary Wharf

A

Barclays
JP Morgan

70
Q

What industry does the UK ‘specialise’ in?

A

Banks and financial services (mostly in London)

71
Q

What potential impact will leaving the EU have on the British banking industry?

A

Many banks are relocating jobs to the EU
(Why? Because there is a free movement of capital which makes banking much easier)

72
Q

What are some characteristics of successful places?

A
  • Attract people/workers/tourists
  • Have good transport
  • Little deprivation
73
Q

What problem do most regenerated areas face?

A

High property prices (forcing many residents to leave)

74
Q

Why do people have different opinions on whether regeneration is successful or not?

A

People want different things from a place.

Examples:
- Young people want good nightlife and job opportunities
- Families want low crime and good schools
- Old people want a nice environment and good healthcare

75
Q

What are some characteristics of unsuccessful places

A
  • Declining investment
  • High unemployment
  • High unhappiness
  • Poorly educated population
  • Aging population
76
Q

Why do unsuccessful places often have aging populations?

A

They have failed to attract young people to move there, likely due to lack of employment opportunities

77
Q

What is a gated community?

A

A place with wealthy residents, often fenced off with lots of security cameras

78
Q

Why are gated communities common in South Africa?

A

They demonstrate the apartheid split between the rich whites and the poorer black population.

(Apartheid is basically the same as segregation)

79
Q

What are commuter villages?

A

Places outside cities where workers live to commute into the city

80
Q

What are some problems with commuter villages?

A
  • Often don’t have enough services
  • Commuter trains can be very overcrowded
  • House prices are often very high due to there being limits on building on the surrounding greenbelt.
81
Q

What are some problems experienced in declining rural settlements?

A
  • Not enough employment opportunities for young people who grew up in the area, so they leave
  • This triggers spiral of decline
82
Q

What is the spiral of decline?

A

Businesses begin to fail and jobs are lost, so people have less disposable income. This means they are less likely to shop so more businesses fail…

83
Q

What is a sink estate?

A

Social housing estates that are perceived to as the least desirable places to live

84
Q

What four places are usually prioritised for regeneration?

A
  • Sink estates
  • Declining rural settlements
  • Commuter villages
  • Gated communities
85
Q

Example of a conflict over regeneration

A

Debate as to whether the government should update sink estates (like Grenfell Tower) or build new infrastructure (like HS2)

86
Q

What is social polarisation?

A

Class segregation that can happen in society because of inequality

87
Q

Why did the 2011 London riots start?

A

After the police shooting of Mark Duggan as many thought the attack was racially motivated

88
Q

How do the 2011 London riots link to deprivation?

A

Many deprived residents of London felt as though they were being ignored and/or targeted by the state

89
Q

Why do many minority groups often feel marginalised?

A

They lack political representation so feel ignored by the government

90
Q

What are some quantitative methods for measuring deprivation?

A
  • Census
  • IMD (Index of Multiple Deprivation)
  • Labour force surveys
91
Q

What does a census show?

A

Information about the whole population such as growth rates, age, ethnicity and health

92
Q

What do labour force surveys show?

A
  • Average incomes
  • Types of jobs people do
  • How many hours they work
93
Q

Examples of national transport infrastructure projects

A
  • HS2
  • Improving motorways
  • Expanding regional airports (e.g. Robin Hood airport)
94
Q

Where has HS2 been constructed?

A

Between London and Birmingham

95
Q

Where will HS2 eventually reach?

A

Manchester
(It was meant to reach Leeds but this has been cancelled)

96
Q

What is greenbelt land?

A

Farmland on the edge of cities that cannot be built on

97
Q

Why can greenbelt land be a problem?

A

As a city grows in population, it wants to expand, but cannot due to rules about building on greenbelt land.

This increases housing prices in the city as they are in higher demand.

98
Q

What is ‘planning gain’?

A

When new private housing estates are built, they must ensure a certain number of the homes are affordable

99
Q

What company got permission to begin fracking for shale gas in Lancashire in 2018?

A

Cuadrilla

100
Q

Why does the government allow fracking to take place?

A

It is in the ‘national interest’ as we need energy

101
Q

What are local enterprise partnerships (LEPs)?

A

Private investment companies that regenerate retail and housing areas

102
Q

What are regional development agencies (RDAs)?

A

They work to combine private and public investment to regenerate key sites in cities

103
Q

What was the housing target between 2010-2015

A

200,000 homes (but it was not met)

104
Q

Example of a sports-led regeneration strategy in an urban area

A

Olympic Park in Stratford

105
Q

Example of a culture-led regeneration strategy in an urban area

A

Liverpool was the European Capital of Culture

106
Q

Example of a tourism-led regeneration strategy in an urban area

A

Belfast’s Titanic Quarter

107
Q

Example of a media-led regeneration strategy in a rural area

A

Some Harry Potter scenes were filmed at Alnwick Castle in North-East England

108
Q

Example of a culture-led regeneration strategy in a rural area

A

Bronte Country in Yorkshire is marketed as a place where the Bronte sisters wrote their novels

109
Q

Example of a sports-led regeneration strategy in a rural area

A

Go Ape

110
Q

Example of a tourism-led regeneration strategy in a rural area

A

Centre Parks

111
Q

What is rebranding?

A

Rebranding tries to change how a place is perceived by visitors, whilst also regenerating the area

112
Q

How have some industrial areas been rebranded?

A

Often converted into apartments or offices

Example: ‘WeWork’ are an office group who base themselves in old warehouses

113
Q

How have some farms rebranded themselves?

A

Creating farms where tourists can pet animals, or adding a farm shop

114
Q

Regeneration definition

A

Long-term upgrading of a place designed to reduce inequality and tackle deprivation

115
Q

Where is Salford?

A

Greater Manchester

116
Q

What was Salford like before it was regenerated?

A

Derelict area of abandoned warehouses and polluted canals

117
Q

What new attractions were opened in Salford Quays?

A
  • Lowry Theatre
  • Lowry Shopping Centre
  • Media City
  • Imperial War Museum
118
Q

How was the environment at Salford Quays regenerated?

A

Canals were cleaned and new vegetation was planted

119
Q

How many hectares of land was redeveloped in Salford?

A

100 hectares

120
Q

Who redeveloped Salford?

A
  • Salford City Council
  • Private investors such as Peel holdings
121
Q

What is the ‘Ocean Gateway’ project?

A

A 50-year plan to invest in a canal between Manchester and Liverpool. It is currently the largest development project in the UK.

122
Q

What company is planning the Ocean Gateway project?

A

Peel Holdings

123
Q

How was transport infrastructure improved in Salford?

A

The Manchester Metrolink was extended to reach Salford Quays and Mediacity

124
Q

What group works with urban developers to make sure their developments are sustainable?

A

RSPB

125
Q

What tourism-led regeneration has been used in Salford?

A

Creating the Lowry Theatre and the Imperial War Museum

126
Q

How many staff are employed in Mediacity?

A

2,300

127
Q

What retail-led regeneration has been used in Salford?

A

Building the new Lowry Shopping Centre

128
Q

What is an example of an economic positive feedback loop?

A

Cumulative causation

129
Q

What is the ERDF?

A

European Regional Develpoment Fund

130
Q

Why is it beneficial for councils to attract people to an area?

A

Increases the tax takings of an area

131
Q

What is a science park?

A

Industrial zones with a focus on research and the quaternary industry

132
Q

Example of a science park

A

Cambridge Science Park

133
Q

Why is it beneficial to have a science park located in Cambridge?

A

Access to highly-skilled labour
Cambridge Science Park is linked to Trinity College, Cambridge

134
Q

3 examples of government planning initiatives

A
  • Science parks
  • Transport infrastructure improvements
  • New housing and office buildings
135
Q

Examples of interest groups

A
  • Chamber of Commerce who aim to support business interests
  • Trade unions
  • Local conservation societies
136
Q

Example of a conflict between interest groups

A

The Chamber of Commerce may want to support business development whereas local interest groups may want to preserve greenbelt land

137
Q

Where do interest groups tend to be better organised?

A

More affluent areas

138
Q

What is the aim of an LEP?

A

Try to work out what skills and projects a region needs

139
Q

Example of ERDF project aimed to benefit the north

A

‘Food Northwest’ aimed to improve the restaurant industry in the North

140
Q

International influences on a place

A
  • TNCs
  • Tourism
  • Migration
  • The EU
  • Transport (airports)
  • Trade agreements
141
Q

National influences on a place

A
  • Regional governance
  • Politics
  • Transport
  • Nearby areas
142
Q

What year did ‘town twinning’ begin?

A

1947

143
Q

What is the aim of town twinning?

A

To increase cultural understanding follow WW2

144
Q

Example of a twinned town

A

Coventry and Belgrade, Serbia

145
Q

Example of an EU trade agreement that affected UK farmers

A

EU’s Common Agricultural Policy - Impacts profitability of farming and types of crops that can be grown

146
Q

Social measures that can be used to measure the success of regeneration

A
  • Net migration
  • Demographic change (young people moving to an area)
  • Improvements in life expectancy
  • Improved educational outcomes
147
Q

Environmental measures that can be used to measure the success of regeneration

A
  • Air or water quality
  • Amount of green space
  • Evidence of better environment such as less graffiti
148
Q

Where can environmental data be obtained?

A

Environment Agency

149
Q

Economic measures that can be used to measure the success of regeneration

A
  • Income improvements
  • Improved IMD score
  • Reduced unemployment
150
Q

How can the ‘changing character of a place’ cause tensions?

A

Older residents may feel the culture of the area has been destroyed in favour of corporate buildings

151
Q

An influx of new residents may bring what with them?

A

Their culture, for example Chinatown. This can cause tensions

152
Q

Reasons why people’s opinions of an area vary

A
  • Age
  • Income
  • Business vs communities
153
Q

What do local businesses want in an area?

A
  • Customers
  • Not too much competition
154
Q

What will local government want in an area?

A
  • Attracting investment
  • Reducing levels of deprivation
155
Q

What will residents want in an area (economic)?

A
  • Low cost of living
  • Employment opportunities
156
Q

What will property developers want in an area?

A

Maximising their profits by renting/selling at highest potential price

157
Q

Example of a town which uses history to attract people

A

Stratford-upon-Avon

158
Q

What is the ‘Windrush generation’?

A

West Indian and India/Pakistani people who came to the UK in the 50s to work

159
Q

What town is the ‘energy capital of Europe’?

A

Aberdeen has lots of oil companies based there

160
Q

What are some informal ways of gaining a perception of a place?

A
  • Advertising agencies
  • Tourist boards
  • Development agencies (they make slogans)
161
Q

What are some formal ways of gaining a perception of a place?

A
  • Government representation
  • Data
  • GIS
162
Q

What is GIS?

A

Geographical information systems, such as Google Maps

163
Q

How is Cornwall geographically isolated?

A

Peninsula of UK
29% of local villages do not have any bus connections

164
Q

How is Cornwall economically deprived?

A

Lowest weekly wages, 25% below UK average

165
Q

What industry in Cornwall was affected by deindustrialisation?

A

Tin mining

166
Q

How has Cornwall rebranded itself?
- Education

A

University of Exeter and Falmouth joined together to create ‘Universities in Cornwall’, hoping to prevent brain drain

167
Q

How many people are employed by the Eden Project?

A

400 full-time staff, 75% of these were previously unemployed

168
Q

Average amount spent by tourists visiting the Eden Project and surrounding area

A

£150

169
Q

Environmental disadvantages of the Eden Project

A

High traffic levels on local roads

170
Q

Growth rate of Cornwall compared to the rest of the UK

A

5.8%, when UK average is 5.4%

171
Q

What areas did the EU invest in?

A

Areas where the GDP is less than 75% of the EU average

Geography (8 decks)

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