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Geography > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

Migration definition

A

A permanent or semi-permanent change in residence

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2
Q

What is an economic migrant?

A

Someone who moves voluntarily to find work

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3
Q

What is a refugee?

A

Someone who has had to leave their country and seeks protection in another

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4
Q

What is an asylum seeker?

A

A person who has applied for refugee status but it is not decided if they will be granted citizenship

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5
Q

What factors have caused increased migration?

A
  • Transportation improvements
  • Industrialisation
  • Political freedom of movement (e.g. EU)
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6
Q

What are some common push factors?

A
  • Natural disasters
  • Mechanisation of farming reducing agricultural jobs
  • Politics/war
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7
Q

What are some common pull factors?

A
  • Economic (better jobs/pay)
  • Better quality of life
  • Family
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8
Q

What % of the world do not live in their birth country?

A

4%

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9
Q

What migration trend is particularly seen in developing countries?

A

Urbanisation

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10
Q

Why can limiting migration discourage TNC investment?

A

Often countries want to transfer staff easily

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11
Q

What is the UK’s net migration target?

A

100,000

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12
Q

Why is there high migration from South America to Europe?

A

Strong cultural ties

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13
Q

Why is there high migration from South Asia to the Middle East?

A

Migrants move to the Middle East for work, often in jobs like construction

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14
Q

Difference between voluntary and forced migration

A

Voluntary = made out of choice
Forced = a necessity due to circumstances

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15
Q

Examples of voluntary migration

A
  • Mexico to US in search of jobs
  • Millionaires moving to Monaco for good lifestyle and low tax
  • British retirees moving to Spain
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16
Q

How many Rohingya people were forced to leave Myanmar to avoid persecution in 2018?

A

700,000

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17
Q

What are remittances?

A

When a worker moves abroad for work and sends a proportion of their wages back to their home country

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18
Q

How did remittances benefit Nepal?

A

Between 1995 and 2004:
- Remittances rose 9%
- Poverty decreased by 11%

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19
Q

Who developed the core-periphery economic model?

A

Friedman

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20
Q

What is the ‘core’ in the core-periphery economic model?

A

Countries which have a natural geographic advantage, such as a strategic trading route or being rich in natural resources, attract greater economic growth

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21
Q

What is the general argument of the core-periphery economic model?

A

Migration will go from the periphery to the core

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22
Q

How can it be argued that migration maximises economic output?

A

It is an efficient way to manage all the people in the world as they move to the most productive places (the core)

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23
Q

Why does Friedman argue that migration is not necessarily bad for periphery areas?

A

The profits and outputs of the core will trickle down to the periphery

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24
Q

What are the critiques of the core-periphery model?

A
  • Ignores issues of national identity
  • Changing technology like remote working may reduce need for economic migration
  • Too optimistic that there will be a trickle-down from the core to the periphery
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25
Q

What are the four types of region in the core-periphery model?

A
  • Core
  • Upward transition
  • Resource frontier: newly absorbed in the periphery
  • Downward transition: failing economies
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26
Q

How does Australia limit migration?

A

Migrants must fill a ‘skills gap’ in the country

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27
Q

What is an economic restriction on migration?

A

Many migrants do not have the financial resources to move long-distance

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28
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

A group of people who share a common ancestry

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29
Q

What is segregation?

A

Where people of different ethnicities are separated into their own suburbs

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30
Q

What is assimilation?

A

When a migrant eventually ends up adopting some cultural traits belonging to their host country

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31
Q

Why are council estates spread across London?

A

To approve assimilation

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32
Q

What is brain drain?

A

Skilled labour leaving a country as highly-skilled workers can receive better pay for their work elsewhere

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33
Q

How has Cambodia been affected by brain drain?

A

An estimated 50% of their skilled labour has left

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34
Q

How many modern slaves are there estimated to be in the UK?

A

10,000

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35
Q

What are some social tensions caused by migration?

A
  • Cultural clashes (e.g. UKIP)
  • Human trafficking/modern slavery
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36
Q

What are some tensions caused by mass migration movements?

A
  • Strain on public services
  • Refugee crises: resources needed
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37
Q

What are some political tensions caused by migration?

A
  • Populist parties
  • Asylum seekers
  • Border arguments (UK/France)
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38
Q

Why are there often political tensions at border crossings in relation to migration?

A

It is often unclear who is responsible for managing illegal migrants

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39
Q

Which EU politician is against the EU spending money on migration?

A

Viktor Orban, Hungarian PM

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40
Q

What is an economic advantage of migration?

A

Migrants set up their own businesses - multiplier effect

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41
Q

Where has Australia put its immigration detention centres?

A

On islands such as Papua New Guinea

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42
Q

What was Australia’s pre-1973 migration policy?

A

“White Australia” - People not from European descent were not allowed to enter the country

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43
Q

What are green cards?

A

Granted by the US government to allow migrants to live/work in the USA. They are hard to get.

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44
Q

Definition of a state

A

A territory over which no other country holds power or authority

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45
Q

Example of a country with a homogenous culture

A

Iceland

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46
Q

Examples of countries with a ‘melting pot’ of different cultures

A
  • USA (Mexican, European, African-American)
  • Singapore
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47
Q

What factors can influence borders?

A
  • Natural barriers (e.g. mountains)
  • Cultural and linguistic groups
  • Politics
  • Colonialism
  • Ethnic groups
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48
Q

Example of a natural border

A

India and China are separated by the Himalayas

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49
Q

What is the 49th parallel?

A

The border between the US and Canada, decided in the Treaty of Oregon

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50
Q

How did the colonial powers decide African borders?

A

Mostly arbitrarily, however, they wanted to give themselves equal shares of resources

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51
Q

What decided the North/South Korean border?

A

An armistice following the Korean War

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52
Q

Why is the occupation of Crimea strategically advantageous?

A

Access to the Black Sea

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53
Q

What is nationalism?

A

The belief that you should take the interests of your own country over the interests of others

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54
Q

Examples of former French colonies which still speak French

A

Senegal, Mali, Cameroon

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55
Q

What was the British Raj?

A

The rule of India by the British

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56
Q

Examples of historic nationalism

A
  • Colonialism
  • WWI and WWII
57
Q

What year did India gain independence from Britain?

A

1947

58
Q

What year did Kenya gain independence from Britain?

A

1963

59
Q

What was the “winds of change” movement?

A

African countries gaining independence from their former colonies in the mid-20th-century

60
Q

What factors influenced ‘winds of change’?

A
  • High cost of two world wars
  • Improved education in colonies
  • Less dependence on raw materials
  • Nationalism and resistance to foreign rule
61
Q

How did nationalism link to the ‘winds of change’?

A

Many Africans wanted to create countries for their national identity instead of being a subject to a European colony

62
Q

What did rapid de-colonisation lead to?

A

A power vacuum

63
Q

Examples of countries where the army took control following de-colonisation

A

DRC, Nigeria, Indonesia

64
Q

How did the West cause increased post-colonial chaos?

A

Intervening in proxy wars (e.g. Vietnam, Korea)

65
Q

What ethnic group in Rwanda seized control following de-colonisation?

A

Tutsi people

66
Q

How did colonisation impact migration patterns?

A

Many former colonies have high migration to their former coloniser (e.g. Jamaica to UK) due to strong cultural ties

67
Q

Issues with de-colonisation

A
  • Power vacuum, often military dictatorships took control
  • Disputes between ethnic groups
68
Q

What is a tax haven?

A

A country where tax is extremely low

69
Q

Examples of tax havens

A
  • Monaco
  • Cayman Islands
70
Q

What is Monaco’s tax policy?

A

0% rate on income tax makes it attractive to wealthy individuals

71
Q

Why do countries introduce low business tax rates?

A

To attract TNC investment

72
Q

What countries have low business tax rates?

A
  • Ireland
  • Luxembourg
73
Q

Why do large TNCs tend to avoid smaller tax havens?

A

Often the governments are not stable and therefore there is an increased risk (e.g. Bahamas)

74
Q

What are the negatives of tax avoidance?

A
  • Worse public services
  • Lower welfare benefits
  • Animosity as wealthy companies pay less tax than working individuals
75
Q

What triggered the 2008 financial crash?

A

Banks handing out too many mortgages to people who couldn’t repay them

76
Q

How has communist Cuba began to open up to more globalisation?

A

US tourists are now allowed to visit the country

77
Q

Who was the authoritarian socialist leader of Venezuela?

A

Hugo Chavez

78
Q

How did Venezuela’s socialist redistributive policies fail?

A
  • Venezuela ranked 6th worst country to trade with by IMF
  • Venezuela topped 2015 Global Misery Index
  • Inflation up to 1m% in 2018
79
Q

Who was the socialist president of Bolivia?

A

Morales

80
Q

What was Bolivia’s redistributive policy?

A

National wealth from raw materials such as natural gas should be shared amongst the people

81
Q

How many nations are in the UN?

A

193

82
Q

Where are the UN’s headquarters?

A

New York

83
Q

Who are the five permanent members of the UN security council?

A

Russia, China, UK, USA, France

84
Q

What is the Geneva Convention?

A

Established by the UN to protect prisoners’ rights. If countries break the convention, they have broken international law

85
Q

Functions of the UN

A
  • Protecting human rights
  • Applying sanctions to countries
  • Upholding international law
  • Setting targets (e.g. for climate)
86
Q

What is the IPCC?

A

International Panel on Climate Change
|Established by UN; scientific advisory panel on climate

87
Q

Examples of IPCC successes

A
  • Kyoto protocol 1997
  • Paris Agreement 2015
88
Q

What UN charter protects children’s’ rights?

A

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

89
Q

Why are UN troops limited?

A

They are only for peace-keeping purposes and are not allowed to engage in any military action unless they are protecting themselves

90
Q

What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

A

Court established in the Hague to try individuals for crimes like genocide

91
Q

Why are ICC trials limited?

A

They are very slow

92
Q

Example of an ICC trial

A

Karadzic is a Bosnian Serb
He was accused of massacre of 8,000 Bosnian Muslims
He was found guilty, but his trial lasted 8 years

93
Q

Example of a UN refugee camp

A

Set up the Zaatari camp in Jordan to shelter refugees from the Syrian civil war

94
Q

Example of UN economic sanctions

A

Iran was put under sanctions whilst it was developing its nuclear programme

95
Q

Example of a cultural sanction

A

Russia was not allowed to compete at the 2018 Olympics

96
Q

How does the UN protect human rights?

A
  • Refugee camps
  • Sanctions
  • ICC
  • Peacekeeping missions
97
Q

What is a failed state?

A

Countries whose governments have lost political control

98
Q

Examples of failed states

A

Somalia, Yemen, Syria

99
Q

Examples of military interventions outside of the UN

A
  • War on Terror, Iraq, Afghanistan
  • Russia invasion of Ukraine
100
Q

Three main financial IGOs

A
  • World Trade Organisation (WTO)
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • World Bank
101
Q

Aims of main financial IGOs

A
  • Want to spread and maintain the dominance of western capitalism across the world
  • Free markets to increase FDI
  • Economic growth of developing countries
102
Q

Aims of the World Trade Organisation

A
  • Reducing tariffs
  • Trade agreements
103
Q

Aims of the IMF

A
  • Encouraging countries to accept FDI
  • Helping countries deal with financial crises
104
Q

Example of IMF helping governments recover

A

In 2018, Argentina needed a $50bn loan after their currency weakened

105
Q

Main criticism of the IMF

A

Promote western capitalism in the interests of TNCs

106
Q

Aims of the World Bank

A

Lends money to countries to fund economic development

107
Q

Criticism of the World Bank

A

Focus on economic development over social development

108
Q

What are Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)?

A
  • Loans from institutions such as the IMF and World Bank
  • Given in return for economic changes, such as privitisation which encourage free trade
109
Q

Criticism of SAPs

A

The assumption that market liberalisation benefits the poor is flawed, trickle down economics, particularly in corrupt African countries is impossible

110
Q

Example of a country which has had its debt cancelled

A

Chad

111
Q

Examples of trade blocs

A
  • the EU
  • NAFTA
  • ASEAN
112
Q

What organisation helped to establish the Water Convention?

A

The UN

113
Q

Aim of the Water convention

A

Protecting the quality, quantity and sustainability of trans-boundary bodies of water

114
Q

What does UNCLOS stand for?

A

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

115
Q

Aim of UNCLOS

A

Managing navigation rights and access to seabed resources

116
Q

What does CITES stand for?

A

Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species

117
Q

Successes of CITES

A

Improved chances of survival for the Arabian Onyx in UAE and Qatar

118
Q

3 examples of international environmental agreements

A
  • Paris Climate Agreement (COP21)
  • UNCLOS
  • CITES
119
Q

What did the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) forbid?

A

Banned all military activity in Antarctica

120
Q

What did the Madrid Protocol forbid?

A

Mining for raw materials in Antarctica (except for scientific purposes)

121
Q

How is nationalism spread in the UK?

A
  • Sporting events
  • Education system
122
Q

How is the culture of Britain changing?

A
  • Less Christian and more diverse religions
  • Language becoming more Americanised
  • Regional dialects becoming less distinct
  • New foods (Chinese, Indian)
123
Q

What percentage of London’s population were born in another country?

A

36.7%

124
Q

Example of a British brand owned by a foreign company

A

Jaguar Land Rover - owned by Indian company Tata Motors

125
Q

How can countries try and prevent foreign takeovers?

A

Increasing the percentage of shareholders needed for a takeover
(In the UK, it is 50% but in other countries it is higher)

126
Q

Which American company acquired Cadbury in 2009?

A

Kraft

127
Q

Why are foreign takeovers controversial?

A

Foreign companies do not have a vested interest in the country so will be less reluctant to close factories and cut jobs

128
Q

What percentage of properties in London are foreign owned?

A

82%

129
Q

Which country has banned foreigners from buying property?

A

New Zealand

130
Q

Examples of European nationalist movements

A
  • Scottish independence
  • UKIP
  • Catalonian independence
  • Kosovo
131
Q

What percentage of Scots voted for independence in 2014?

A

44.7%

132
Q

What percentage of the vote did UKIP win in 2015?

A

12.7%

133
Q

What country did Kosovo declare independence from, and when?

A

Serbia, 2008

134
Q

Which area of India is seeking independence?

A

Kashmir - only majority Muslim region in India

135
Q

Which area of China has a strong separatist movement?

A

Tibet

136
Q

Which African country split due to internal ethnic tensions

A

Sudan (and South Sudan)

137
Q

How many people died in the Sudanese civil war as of 2011?

A

2 million

138
Q

How is South Sudan struggling?

A
  • Mortality rate of 381/1000
  • Less than 1% girls in primary school

Geography (8 decks)

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