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Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

Global shift, migration, culture, development and responses

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1
Q

What is a diaspora?

A

A scattered population caused by migration

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2
Q

How could migration potentially affect a country’s services?

A

Large-scale migration can cause a sudden population increase and services like education, housing and healthcare cannot keep up.

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3
Q

Example of a world leader who has been opposed to immigration

A

Donald Trump

One of his first executive orders was a so-called ‘Muslim ban’ and 60,000 visas were revoked

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4
Q

UK political movement which wants to limit immigration

A

Rise of UKIP - received 12.2% of the vote in the UK general election 2015
Many voted for Brexit as they believed EU freedom of movement was allowing too much immigration

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5
Q

Tension against globalisation example: First Nations

A

The First Nations are indigenous people in Canada, they resist the move to turn the Jumbo Valley into a ski resort

Ktunaxa Nation (indigenous people) oppose their land being developed and they want to preserve it to ensure sustainability

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6
Q

Censorship definition

A

Limiting what media the population of a country is able to see or access

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7
Q

How is censorship used in China?

A

The government has banned most western social media platforms and replaced them with their own ones, which they can track.
For example, instead of WhatsApp they have WeChat

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8
Q

Why does China use censorship to limit globalisation?

A

They want to limit foreign culture that their citizens are exposed to, so they don’t become ‘westernised’ and are more loyal to China

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9
Q

How many foreign films does the Chinese government allow to be shown in China each year?

A

34

as of 2012

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10
Q

What is a tariff?

A

A tax that is paid on imports and exports into a country

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11
Q

What is a quota?

A

A limit on the number of a good that can be exported into a country each year

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12
Q

3 ways a country can control globalisation

A
  • Censorship
  • Limiting migration
  • Trade protectionism
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13
Q

What is sustainability?

A

The ability to meet the needs of a current generation without compromising the needs of future generations

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14
Q

What is localism?

A

Buying food from local producers in order to reduce food miles and carbon emissions.

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15
Q

What are transition towns?

A

Towns which have localism schemes in place in order to promote sustainability

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16
Q

Example of a transition town and schemes they introduced

A

‘Totnes pound’ could only be spent in the town and encouraged economic sustainability through cumulative causation.

By buying local produce, food miles are reduced, being more environmentally sustainable.

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17
Q

Drawbacks of localism

A
  • Local produce is often more expensive than imported goods (due to less worker exploitation)
  • Arguably more sustainable to import tropical fruits than using lots of electricity to create an artificial environment to grow them in the UK
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18
Q

What is Fairtrade?

A

An NGO which aims to ensure that workers are paid a fair share for their work in developing countries.

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19
Q

What is ethical consumption?

A

The practice of only buying sustainably/ethically sourced products

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20
Q

How does the UK government enforce recycling?

A

By fining local councils who throw away too much waste

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21
Q

What are some issues with recycling?

A
  • Research shows 2/3 people are not sure whether they are using the correct bin for recycling
  • It is up to people how much they recycle. While it can be encouraged, nobody can be forced to recycle.
  • Recycling is a costly process which requires lots of energy (which may involve burning fossil fuels)
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22
Q

NGO that encourages recycling

A

Keep Britain Tidy
They run campaigns, such as the ‘Great British Spring Clean’, where people across the country clear litter in their area. This aims to encourage people to reconsider how much they waste.

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23
Q

3 aims of Fairtrade

A
  • To reduce the inequalities of global trade
  • Improving working conditions by ensuring a fair pay
  • Reducing environmental degradation from trade
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24
Q

What is the ‘global shift’?

A

Global shift is the movement of manufacturing and the outsourcing of services from the West to the East.

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25
Q

Why has India seen large growth in the services sector?

A

A large educated and English-speaking population has encouraged many TNCs to place their call centres here.

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26
Q

Worth of the outsourcing industry in India

A

$150bn

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27
Q

Example of a TNC based in India

A

In 2003, BT opened two call centres in India.
They employed 2,200 people.
BT benefit from lower labour costs as wages are lower in India.

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28
Q

How has the global shift caused urbanisation?

A

In countries like China, rural farmers are moving to the cities to get jobs in manufacturing.

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29
Q

Average rate of growth for China’s economy each year 1978-2012

A

Average rate of 9.4% each year.

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30
Q

Example of the global shift impacting the environment

A

In China, 40% of their farmland was degraded because of pollution and increased building.

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31
Q

How has the global shift increased the number of squatter settlements?

A

People are moving to the cities to get jobs at a faster rate than houses are being built.

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32
Q

How bad is air pollution in China?

A

Air pollution levels in Beijing were over 20x the recommended level by the World Health Organisation.

Some predict in Northern China the pollution levels cut life expectancy by 3 years.

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33
Q

How bad is water pollution in China?

A

85% of the water in Shanghai’s main river was undrinkable.

Wealthier residents may have access to piped water, but those in squatter settlements likely rely on the river.

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34
Q

Example of poor working conditions making employees ill

A

In 2011, Chinese workers at Foxconn were made ill as they were exposed to Chemicals while making iPhones for Apple.

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35
Q

Consequences of land degradation?

A

Land that could once be used for farming is now in too bad condition to do so.

This may impact farmer’s livelihoods or cause food shortages.

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36
Q

Examples of how has pollution and deforestation affected biodiversity?

A
  • Nigeria lost 50% of its forested area.
  • China has lost 50% of its vertebrates since 1970.
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37
Q

How has the global shift resulted in better transport infrastructure in China?

A

China has 22,000km of high speed rail. This is 60% of the world’s total.

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38
Q

How has the global shift resulted in better transport infrastructure in India?

A

The international airport of Mumbai increased its passenger usage to up to 40 million passengers annually.

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39
Q

4 ways developing countries have benefitted from the global shift?

A
  • Better transport infrastructure
  • Higher wages
  • More jobs available
  • Better education and training available
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40
Q

How have developing countries suffered from the global shift?

A
  • More air pollution has serious health effects
  • More squatter settlements
  • Unsustainable resource exploitation
  • Worker exploitation
  • Land degredation
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41
Q

How has the global shift reduced poverty?

A

1 billion people (mostly in China) have come out of absolute poverty since 1990.

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42
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

Someone who earns less than $1.25 every day.

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43
Q

What is the spiral of decline?

A

When unemployment leads to depopulation because of a lack of jobs.

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44
Q

Effects of the spiral of decline

A
  • Buildings and houses derelict
  • Rise in crime and other social problems
  • Businesses leave the area as there are no skilled workers
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45
Q

Health impact of the mine closures in the 1970s and 1980s in Northern England

A

Rise in mental health issues due to the mass unemployment

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46
Q

What companies used to operate in Detroit?

A

General Motors and Ford

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47
Q

What country did many car companies move to from Detroit?

A

Japan, where costs are cheaper

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48
Q

What year was Detroit declared bankrupt?

A

2013

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49
Q

Percentage of the population that leave Detroit every year?

A

-0.5% each year

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50
Q

How did Leicester suffer the spiral of decline?

A

City used to have a large textile industry with over 30,000 people working in mills.
In the 1970s and 1980s, most of the factories moved abroad, including Marks and Spencer.

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51
Q

How many people in a megacity?

A

10 million

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52
Q

Number of megacities in 1990
Number of estimated megacities in 2030

A

1990 - 10
2030 - 41

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53
Q

2 reasons why megacities grow

A
  1. Natural increase - where the birth rate is higher than the death rate
  2. Rural-urban migration - Push and pull factors encourage migration
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54
Q

Examples of push factors

A
  • Lack of services (such as police, fire)
  • High crime
  • Crop failure
  • Drought
  • War
  • Flooding
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55
Q

Examples of pull factors

A
  • More employment
  • Access to healthcare
  • More education opportunities
  • Political stability
  • Safe, low crime
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56
Q

Why can megacities be problematic?

A

Shortage of homes and resources: urban planners cannot keep up with the rate of growth.
This causes many to live in slums, often with no water or sanitation.
This is a threat to health and wellbeing and quality of life decreases.

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57
Q

Where is Karachi?

A

Megacity in Pakistan

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58
Q

How quickly is Karachi growing?

A

5% each year

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59
Q

Karachi % of Pakistan’s GDP

A

25% of Pakistan’s GDP

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60
Q

% of people in Karachi who work in the informal sector

A

75% (this means they pay no tax to the government)

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61
Q

Why is tax avoidance an issue in Karachi?

A

With less tax, the government has less money to spend on services like healthcare and education. These services would improve QoL for those in the city.

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62
Q

Why is water loss a problem in Karachi?

A

There is a lack of good infrastructure to provide clean water.
Estimated 30% of water is lost through leaks in the system.
This can cause diseases like Cholera as people have to drink dirty water instead.

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63
Q

Asia’s largest slum is…

A

Orangi Town in Karachi

Home to estimated 2.4m people

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64
Q

% of people in Karachi who live in unplanned/squatter settlements

A

50%

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65
Q

Population of Mumbai, India

A

22m

Doubled in size since 1970

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66
Q

Why is air pollution a problem in Mumbai?

A

4th most polluted city in the world

Causes respiratory illnesses

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67
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

People moving from rural areas to cities in search of higher paying jobs

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68
Q

Name of largest slum in Mumbai

A

Dharavi

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69
Q

What are elite migrants?

A

Wealthy migrants who are welcomed to a country because of the investment they bring in

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70
Q

Why are elite migrants advantageous to countries?

A
  • Boost their FDI, e.g. in London, estimated 82% of property is sold to international buyers
  • They are often skilled migrants, e.g. doctors who could work for the NHS. This fills skill gaps.
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71
Q

Why might elite migrants cause issues for a country?

A

Increases the interdependence between two countries.

E.g. in London the migration of Russian oligarchs increases interdependence between them.

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72
Q

What is FDI?

A

Foreign Direct Investment

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73
Q

Benefits of low-wage economic migration for the host country

A
  • Cheap labour
  • Often labour shortage in certain areas like agriculture can be filled by foreign workers
  • Can increase working age population, reducing impact of an ageing population
  • Increases tax base
74
Q

Example of low-wage economic migration

A

In the UAE, foreign migrants make up 80% of the workforce in Dubai (mostly from India)

75
Q

Benefits of low-wage economic migration for the source country

A
  • Remittances (earned income) sent home from the migrants
76
Q

Negative of low-wage economic migration

A
  • Creates an interdependence between source and host country
  • Can create a shortage of employees in source countries (called a skills gap or ‘brain drain’)
  • Host country may not be able to keep up and experience housing shortages
77
Q

Why is interdependence between countries an issue?

A
  • If there is a recession in one country, it will have a knock on effect on the economy of the other
  • For example, if the construction industry in the UK suffered, many economic migrants would return to their home country, causing employment issues as there are too many builders for jobs available.
78
Q

Estimated amount of remittances sent from the UAE to India in 2016

A

$12.5bn

79
Q

Which group of countries provided lots of European migrants to the UK after 2004?

A

A8

80
Q

Globalisation definition

A

The ever-increasing interconnectedness between countries

81
Q

Types of flow in globalisation

A
  • Commodities (goods)
  • Capital (finance)
  • Information
  • Migrants
  • Tourists
82
Q

How has the internet enhanced globalisation?

A
  • Information can flow more freely between different countries
  • Tourists can discover more places
  • Capital and commodities can flow internationally easier
83
Q

What is the name of the free-movement area in the EU?

A

Schengen Area

84
Q

How have budget airlines enhanced globalisation?

A

Huge growth in tourism flows as people can travel abroad for a little cost.

85
Q

What is a trade bloc?

A

A group of countries with an agreement to trade goods with few barriers (such as tariffs)

86
Q

How has the EU promoted globalisation?

A
  • Free movement of people encourages migration

- Lack of trade restrictions

87
Q

What year did China join the World Trade Organisation (WTO)?

A

2001

88
Q

Population of China

A

1.4bn in 2017

89
Q

What are Special Economic Zones (SEZs)?

A

Places with economic incentives or little economic regulation to encourage business investment

90
Q

What does China offer in their SEZs?

A
  • Low taxes
  • Low labour costs
91
Q

What year did China adopt their open-door policy?

A

1978

92
Q

How many people moved from rural areas to urban ones following the open-door policy in China?

A

300m

93
Q

What was the Chinese open-door policy?

A

China opened up to investment and trade from abroad

94
Q

Why is China known as the ‘workshop of the world’?

A

With low wages but a large population, China had lots of manufacturing companies based there

95
Q

What year did China join the World Trade Organisation (WTO)?

A

2001

96
Q

Why do tariffs limit globalisation?

A

They limit free trade and therefore reduce the flow of goods between countries. Removing tariffs allows TNCs to sell to a larger market.

97
Q

Example of a trade bloc that allows the free movement of people

A

The EU (Schengen Area)

98
Q

What is market liberalisation?

A

When you remove the influence of the state in an economy and allow the markets to act more freely

99
Q

What are some advantages of market liberalisation?

A

Markets become more efficient and the country gets richer. It is then hoped some of this income trickles down to the poorest in society (but does this actually happen? no)

100
Q

What is privitisation?

A

When state-owned businesses or infrastructure is sold to private TNCs.

101
Q

Example of privitisation

A

Thatcher in the 1980s privitised companies like BT and British Airways

102
Q

Example of a company which was recently privitised

A

Royal Mail in 2013

103
Q

Why is privitisation introduced?

A

The belief that businesses are run more efficiently in the private sector because of the incentive to make profit

104
Q

Why may governments offer to subsidise TNCs?

A

It will encourage more FDI into a country

105
Q

What are some government economic policies that would increase globalisation?

A
  • Privitisation
  • Market liberalisation (neoliberalism)
  • Subsidising TNCs
  • Reducing tax rates for companies
106
Q

What are IGOs?

A

Intergovernmental organisations

107
Q

Examples of IGOs?

A
  • World Trade Organisation (WTO)
  • World Bank
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)

They are collectively referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions

108
Q

BRIC refers to…

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China

Countries moving from NEEs to HICs

109
Q

What is the BRIC equivalent of the World Bank?

A

New Development Bank, established in 2015

110
Q

How much did the New Development Bank give their members in 2017?

A

$1.5bn each towards renewable energy

111
Q

What continent is China particularly influential in?

A

Africa, where they fund lots of infrastructure projects

112
Q

What is the AT Kearney Index?

A

It uses four main indicators to publish a globalisation index

113
Q

What four indicators are used in the AT Kearney index?

A
  • Political engagement
  • Technological connectivity
  • Personal contact
  • Economic integration
114
Q

Why is the AT Kearney Index considered more holistic than the KOF index?

A

As an example - it looks at the number of web servers rather than just internet communications

115
Q

What is the KOF index?

A

It is calculated annually based on three aspects of globalisation

116
Q

What three aspects are used in the KOF index?

A
  • Economic
  • Social
  • Political
117
Q

What is an advantage of the KOF index?

A

Some indicators are given greater value than others. For example, amount of FDI is heavily weighted.

118
Q

What are some indicators of globalisation?

A
  • Flow of migrants (in vs out)
  • Trade flows of FDI
  • Membership of trade blocs
  • Membership of IGOs
119
Q

What is offshoring?

A

When a TNC moves part of their production process to another country, usually lower-income countries where production costs are lower

120
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

When a TNC gives a contract to another company to complete part of their work

121
Q

Outsourcing example

A

TNCs might outsource their call centres to parts of the world where labour costs are cheaper

122
Q

What is the risk of outsourcing?

A

TNCs lose direct control over the production and quality of their goods

123
Q

Example of outsourcing gone wrong

A

The horse-meat scandal of 2013. Supermarkets were unaware horse meat was being used in their dishes

124
Q

Examples of outsourcing

A
  • Apple produce their iPhones in Foxconn in China
  • BT outsource their call centres to India
125
Q

What is glocalisation?

A

When a global brand adapts their products for different cultures

126
Q

Example of glocalisation

A

McDonalds adapt their menu for different countries, for example McSpicy and McVeggie use paneer in India

127
Q

Example of glocalisation to adapt to different laws

A

BMW make both right-hand drive cars and left-hand drive cars to sell to both the UK and European market

128
Q

What globalisation aspects do TNCs benefit from?

A
  • Market liberalisation
  • Development of new markets (i.e. countries becoming wealthier so they have more disposable income)
129
Q

Example of a TNC bringing expertise

A

Anglo-Iranian Oil - a UK company - refined oil in Iran. In 1953 when Iran tried to nationalise their oil industry, they found they did not have enough skilled workers to run it themselves.

130
Q

What are some economic reasons a country may be ‘switched-off’?

A
  • Excluded from trade blocs
  • High levels of government debt
131
Q

Why is it bad if a country has high levels of government debt?

A
  • Not able to invest in infrastructure
  • Discourages other TNCs from moving there
132
Q

What are some environmental reasons a country may be ‘switched-off’?

A
  • If they lack resources for trade or use in manufacturing

- They have to rely on other countries for their energy/water

133
Q

What are some political reasons a country may be ‘switched-off’?

A
  • Their government pursuits isolationist policies
  • High government corruption
  • High presence of organised crime or terrorism
134
Q

What are some social reasons a country may be ‘switched-off’?

A
  • Poorly educated, unskilled population
  • Low health quality and poor life expectancy
135
Q

What is the problem with being ‘switched-off’?

A

It discourages FDI into the country so it remains poor

136
Q

What are some physical reasons a country may be ‘switched-off’?

A
  • Landlocked, no ports
  • Harsh climate so struggle to grow crops
137
Q

Example of a region where crops cannot be grown

A

Sahel region (desert in Africa)

138
Q

How is politics run in North Korea?

A
  • Dictatorship
  • Communist
139
Q

Why is North Korea ‘switched-off’?

A

Residents unable to:

  • Access the internet
  • Move abroad
  • Benefit from cheap goods sold at the international level
140
Q

Why is the Sahel region ‘switched-off’?

A
  • Dry and severe water scarcity = no crops = few exports

- Mostly landlocked

141
Q

Define culture

A

A system of shared meaning

142
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

The spreading of one culture into another

143
Q

What causes cultural diffusion?

A

TNCs, global media corporations, tourism, migration

144
Q

Why can cultural diffusion cause issues?

A

They believe they may lose their own culture

145
Q

Example of a place where cultural diffusion has caused a loss of their own culture?

A

Tribes in Papau New Guinea

146
Q

Example of cultural diffusion caused by migration?

A

The rise of Indian cuisine in the UK

147
Q

Why do some countries see cultural diffusion as good?

A

It can lead to increased FDI as TNCs establish themselves there

148
Q

Example of ‘Westernisation’?

A

Disney and Netflix spread American lifestyles and values around the world through their media

149
Q

What has been an environmental impact of the growth of the middle class in China?

A

Increased demand for meat which has caused deforestation to clear up for cattle ranching

150
Q

What has been a social advantage of cultural diffusion?

A

The spread of disability awareness such as the Paralympic movement has caused more global equality

151
Q

What are the two most emissions-intensive foods?

A

Beef and lamb

152
Q

What is cultural erosion?

A

Culture being worn away or even lost completely

153
Q

How has cultural erosion impacted the environment?

A

Rising demand for resources = destruction of ecosystems

154
Q

How many languages are estimated to be spoken in Papau New Guinea?

A

7,000

155
Q

What percentage of languages in Papau New Guinea are at risk of going extinct?

A

25%

156
Q

How has Papau New Guinea’s culture been eroded?

A
  • Tribal clothing been replaced by t-shirts and jeans
  • Languages being lost
  • Increases deforestation
157
Q

Why do many people oppose TNCs for economic reasons?

A

Disapprove of their tax avoidance strategies, claim they don’t bring benefit because they avoid paying tax and money returns to the source nation

158
Q

What are some reasons people oppose TNCs?

A
  • Tax avoidance
  • Child labour
  • Environmental polluting
159
Q

Example of a company which uses tax avoidance strategies?

A

Apple pay as little as 0.005% tax in Ireland

160
Q

How has Guyana suffered from cultural erosion?

A

Tribal communities becoming more westernised

161
Q

Why has Australia been accused of encouraging cultural erosion?

A

In 2008, the government removed protection on sacred Aboriginal land, so now TNCs can mine/forest there.

162
Q

Ways of measuring development

A
  • GDP
  • Life expectancy
  • Composite indices (e.g. HDI)
163
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross Domestic Product - the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year

164
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of using GDP to measure development?

A

Advantages:
- Shows the economic growth over time

Disadvantages:
- Masks inequality
- Doesn’t show what a country spends their money on

165
Q

GDP of the USA

A

$20trn

166
Q

GDP of China

A

$14trn

167
Q

What country has the highest life expectancy?

A

Japan - 84.2

168
Q

What is the life expectancy in the USA?

A

78.5

169
Q

What is the HDI?

A

Human Development Index

170
Q

What is the GII?

A

Gender Inequality Index

171
Q

What are the top 3 countries for HDI?

A

Norway, Australia, Switzerland

172
Q

What are some factors used in calculating the HDI?

A
  • Life expectancy
  • Education length
  • Gross National Income
173
Q

What is the EQI?

A

Environmental Quality Index

174
Q

What is the Gini coefficient used to measure?

A

Inequality

175
Q

What does a Gini coefficient of ‘0’ mean?

A

The wealth is distributed 100% fairly with everyone in the country having an equal amount

176
Q

What does a Gini coefficient of ‘1’ mean?

A

The country is perfectly unequal and 100% of the wealth is owned by one person

177
Q

Gini coefficient of South Africa

A

0.62

178
Q

Gini coefficient of Iceland

A

0.25

179
Q

How do people argue that globalisation increases inequality?

A

Enables the rich, often through TNCs, to accumulate wealth much faster than the poor do

180
Q

What is the most unequal city in the UK?

A

London

181
Q

How much did the top 1% in the US own in 1980, and then in 2014?

A

1980 - 11%
2014 - 20%

182
Q

Example of a protest movement against inequality

A

Occupy movement

Geography (8 decks)

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