Reformations and Religious Wars (1500-1600) Flashcards
What were the preliminary reasons for undermining the Roman Catholic Church and its clergy?
papal conflict with the German Emperor Frederick II (13th century), Babylonian captivity, the Great Schism, 15th century popes building up family power and patronage for art was also damaging, papal tax collection methods were criticized
anticlericalism
opposition to the clergy, mostly focused on clerical immorality, ignorance and pluralism, absenteeism
Martin Luther
1483-1546, born in Eisleben Saxony, studied law but he ended up with the Augustinians. German university professor and priest, ordained a priest in 1507, from 1512-1546 served as a professor of scriptures in the university of Wittenberg
faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone
Luther’s new ideas on belief summed up
Pope Leo X
authorized the sale of indulgences in Germany to get money for a building project in Rome
Albert of Mainz
archbishop in the area were Wittenberg was located, promoted the sales to get rid of his own financial problems
indulgence
a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sin
Johann Tetzel
Dominican friar who ran the sale of indulgences
Nintey-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences
written in 1517 by Luther to Albert of Mainz to give forth his criticism of the sale
Diet of Worms
1521, summoned by Charles V, there Luther gained an even wider audience to his ideas
Ulrich Zwingli
1484-1531, Swiss humanist, priest, admirer of Erasmus. in 1519 he decided to preach from Erasmus’ New Testament rather than the church’ prescribed work. criticized indulgences, Mass, institution of monasticism clerical celibacy
Protestants
the name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Christian Western Christian groups
translation of the New Testament into German
1523, by Luther
radicals
groups of people who insisted that a more extensive break from the privileged ideas would be accomplished
Anabaptism
baptism of adult believers
Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists, and the authors of the US constitution
their beliefs were traced back to the radical ideas of the 16th century
the German Peasants’ War
1525, strengthened the authority of the lay rulers, peasants’ economic conditions improved to a certain extent. Luther and Zwingli stood agains the peasants
Katharina von Bora
1499-1532, a former nun, Luther’s wife
Anna Reinhart
1491-1538, Zurich widow, Zwingli’s wife
marriage in Protestantism
denied it being a sacrament, but it was an important aspect of life (and religion). the perfect marriage was one that reflected the spiritual equality of men and women and the proper social hierarchy of husbandly authority and wifely obedience. most Protestant allowed divorce and remarriage. prostitution was condemned.
women in protestantism
it was maintained that women were to be subjected to men. upper class women’s main occupation turned out to be the main job as going to convents was not encouraged much anymore. importance of marriage caused the unmarried women (and men) to be suspected as they did not belong to a nicely regarded household. some women started writing religious works too (Argula von Grumbach). women could not be members of clergy.
Frederick III
1415-1493. Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death. A Habsburg.
Maximilian I
1459-1519. Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death. A Habsburg.
Eleonore of Portugal
1434-1467. Frederick III wife and Holy Roman Empress in.
Habsburgs dynasty
originated in Austria. one of the most influential and powerful families in Europe at the time. through advantageous marriages across generations they became an international power.
Charles V
1500-1558. A Habsburg and Holy Roman Emperor. Archduke of Austria from 1519, King of Spain from 1516 and Lord of the Netherlands from 1506. defender of Catholicism. Abdicated in 1556 and gave power over his holdings to his son Philip and imperial power to his brother Ferdinand.
Religious wars in Switzerland and Germany
First area of conflict was Switzerland and some areas remained Catholic and other turned Protestant (1520s). the two sides went into war. Zwingli was killed on the battlefield in 1531. after that a treaty was struck (cantons decided their religion) Northern Germans and Souther German cities formed an alliance after Imperial Diet. Due to Charles being occupied in the war with the French, he could not retaliate militarily. fighting begun in 1546 and initially Charles was successful. When the pope pulled his support and the French started sending money to Lutherans the tides turned. Charles agreed to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.
Imperial Diet
called by Charles V in 1530 to avoid further religious division. met at Augsburg where the protestants presented the Augsburg Confession and that resulted in Charles demanding them to return to Catholicism. This caused the further spread of violence to German areas.