Reformations Flashcards
What were the 5 protest reformations
- Lutheran (martin Luther)
- Anglican (Henry vlll, Church of England)
- Reform church of Zurich (Ulrich Zwingli)
- Calvinism (Jean Calvin)
- Anabaptists
Desiderius Erasmus
Humanist monk, teacher, and priest in the Netherlands who read through whole bible and became confused.
- He questioned the popes power and the wealth of the church
- Had enemies for making fun of scholastic theology
- Found repentance not penance
Thomas More
- learned from Erasmus
- Was a lawyer, writer (utopia) and lord chancellor to King Henry Vlll
- Executed in 1535 for not agreeing with Church of England
Protestant protests
- Indulgences (greed and dishonesty)
- simony:purchase of church office (unethical)
- wealth of church
- superfluous rituals (sacraments)
- iconoclasm (no saintly intervention)
- hierarchy (everyone is a priest)
- accessible bible
- salvation by faith alone (only god determines fate)
- transubstantiation (bread and wine)
Indulgences
Paper that was given to someone who paid off their sin
- can buy future papers
- buy for others
- appears buried with you to lessen time in purgatory
October 31 1517
Ninety five theses of Martin Luther nailed to cathedral door of Wittenberg
-spark of Protestant reformation
Lutheranism
- salvation by faith alone
- baptism and Eucharist
- scriptures are only guide to truth
- abolishment of clerical celibacy
Anglican start
King Henry vlll was married to brother in laws wife Catherine of Aragon.
- received papal dispensation to marry her
- wanted another to annul marriage when he loved Anne Boleyn (pope refused)
- King Henry declared his own church in spite and made himself supreme head of clergy of England (More executed)
Reform Church of Zurich
- First reformed church in Switzerland
- No icons, no music, Christine discipline of bodies and souls
- reduce ritual to minimum
- marriage court
Transubstantiation
- Catholics: bread and wine stayed in their forms and priests words transformed it into body and blood
- Luther argued they were both at once
- Ulrich Zwingli said bread and wine remained themselves (body only as a symbol)
Calvinism
- Jean Calvin exiled from France, settled in Geneva
- Predestination
- Rigid discipline of Christians and citizens
- believed in theocracy (system of government by priestly order; no separation of secular and religious authority)
Anabaptists
(Adult baptism)
- Mennonites (Menno Simmons)
- Hutterites (Jacob Hutter)
- Pacifism, no taxes, no oaths, no private property (colonies)
Catholic reformations
council of Trent (twenty years long)
- vulgate bible (Latin) was only true text
- affirmation of seven sacraments
- veneration of saints
- education of clergy
- reformed monastic life
- private confessional
- index of forbidden books
Peasants war
1524-1525 in central and southern Germany
- wanted true gospel preached
- wanted to be free men as in bible
- Luther dint like his message being used for the war and told authorizes to kill them.
- 5000-6000 killed in a day
- lords changed legal status to free to move and marry
Which regions increased in literacy
Protestant with bibles being printed and read by both girls and boys
Diet of Worms
Formal meeting of the imperial estates
-Luther went before Holy Roman emperors Charles V and read over Catholic theology but said he only trusted the bible
How did the perception of Rape change?
It was women fault- they asked for it
Arugula Von Grumbach
Denounced church authorized for attacking true gospel
-believed in Luther’s message and spread it
Jacob Fugger
Worked with Habsburgs and other monarchs to which they lent money and for each loan they got something greater such as exploiting minerals in mines.
-Charles V owned him
Peace of Augsburg
Treaty signed by Charles V officially recognized that the empire no longer followed one religion and the prince could decide the faith of his region
Jesuits
To join one had to go through long preparation of studying, doing humble works, and making spiritual exercises.
- poverty
- obedience to pope
- agreed to go at once to holy land and preach
- went on mission trips
Nicolaus Copernicus
Argued the universe was heliocentric, earth rotated in axis once a day and revolved around the sun come a year.
Queen Mary
Daughter of Henry and Catherine and a committed catholic, wanted to re establish the church and burned 300 protestants who didn’t flee
Huguenots
(Calvinists in France)
- destroyed religious imagery
- catholic killed protestants
- war in France 1562
Edict of Nantes
Protestants now had limited freedom given By King Henry lV
Massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s day
- Protestant man set to marry catholic girl in Paris and Huguenot nobility invited.
- Protestant admiral Gaspar ll killed along with hundreds of protestants as a catholic act of cleansing
