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Year 4 - Ophthalmology > Red eye > Flashcards

Red eye Flashcards

1
Q

causes of a red eye

A 
conjunctivitis / blepharoconjunctivitis
keratitis 
anterior uveitis 
scleritis / episcleritis 
acute closed angle glaucoma 
subconjunctival haemorrhage 
orbital cellulitis
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2
Q

what happens in subconjunctival haemorrhage

A

vessels split, blood filled blister
not as bad as it seems
RF: trauma, antithrombotics, valsalva

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3
Q

features of subconjunctival haemorrhage

A

self limiting but will remain red throughout healing eg 1-2 weeks
investigate if recurrent
asymptomatic

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4
Q

features of orbital cellulitis

A

rare
sight threatening
emergency
can track back to brain and create abscess

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5
Q

what is a cicatricial ectropion

A

contracture of skin pulling lid away from the globe e.g. scarring, skin tumour
can cause dry eyes –> corneal ulcer –> sight threatening

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6
Q

pain with a gritty sensation is extra/intra-ocular in origin

A

extra ocular

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7
Q

pain with an achy sensation is extra/intra-ocular in origin

A

intra ocular

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8
Q

what is blepharitis

A

inflamed eyelids

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9
Q

describe signs of anterior blepharitis

A

margin of lid is redder than deeper part of lid

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10
Q

symptoms of blepharitis are similar to those of conjunctivitis, true or false

A

true
gritty eye sensation
mild discharge

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11
Q

types of anterior blepharitis

A

seborrhoeic - red margin, scaly, dandruff, lashes unaffected

staphylococcal - red margin, ulcers, styes, corneal staining, lashes affected

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12
Q

describe posterior blepharitis

A

deeper part of lid is redder than the margin

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13
Q

pathology behind posterior blepharitis

A

Meibomian gland dysfunction

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14
Q

signs of posterior blepharitis / meibomian gland dysfunction

A

swollen gland openings

meibomian cyst = chalazion

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15
Q

with which dermatological condition is posterior blepharitis associated with

A

rosacea

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16
Q

management of blepharitis

A

eyelid hygiene
hot towel compresses
ter drops
tetracyclines 2-3 months

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17
Q

chalazions may cause temporary astigmatism, true or false

A

true

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18
Q

what is conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva

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19
Q

symptoms of conjunctivitis

A 
red eye 
gritty 
discharge / sticky 
itchy 
unaffected vision
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20
Q

signs of conjunctivitis

A 
red eye 
chemosis 
discharge 
papillae / follicles 
subconjunctival haemorrhage
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21
Q

what are the types of conjunctivitis

A

infective

non-infective

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22
Q

list infective causes of conjunctivitis

A

bacterial
viral
chlamydial

23
Q

list non-infective causes of conjunctivitis

A

allergy
drugs / chemical
dermatological

24
Q

describe follicles seen in follicular conjunctivitis

A

avascular mounds of plasma cells + lymphoid tissue

‘grains of rice’ - white nodules filled with lymphocytes

25
Q

causes of follicular conjunctivitis

A

viral
chlamydial
drugs

26
Q

describe papillae seen in papillary conjunctivitis

A

vascular reaction

red spot with central vessel

27
Q

causes of papillary conjunctivitis

A

pABillae -
A - Allergic
B - Bacterial

28
Q

what is herpes zoster ophthalmicus

A

shingles in CNV1

29
Q

what is Hutchinson’s sign

A

involvement of the tip of the nose in shingles means the cornea is highly likely to be affected

30
Q

what is keratitis

A

inflammation of the cornea

31
Q

what are the layers of the cornea

A

epithelium
stroma
endothelium

32
Q

types of corneal ulcers

A

central
peripheral
others

33
Q

causes of central corneal ulcers

A

viral - herpetic - dendritic ulcer
fungal
bacterial
acanthamoeba

34
Q

causes of peripheral corneal ulcers

A

poorly controlled rheumatoid arthritis
hypersensitivity
vasculitis

35
Q

other causes of corneal ulcers

A

exposure keratitis

Sicca - sjogrens

36
Q

subtypes of anterior uveitis

A 
autoimmune 
infective 
metabolic 
malignant 
others - idiopathic, trauma
37
Q

autoimmune causes of anterior uveitis

A

Reiter’s syndrome
UC
Ankylosing spondylitis
sarcoidosis

38
Q

infective causes of anterior uveitis

A

TB
HSV
HZV
syphilis

39
Q

metabolic cause of anterior uveitis

A

DM

40
Q

malignant cause of anterior uveitis

A

leukaemia

41
Q

symptoms of anterior uveitis

A

red painful eye
photophobia
referred pain to brow

42
Q

signs of anterior uveitis

A

injecting vessels around cornea
hypopyon
keratic precipitates
synechiae

43
Q

what is synechiae

A

irregular pupil shape from iris being tethered and stuck to lens

44
Q

management of anterior uveitis

A

topical steroids

mydriatics

45
Q

what condition is episcleritis associated with

A

gout

46
Q

episcleritis is self limiting, true or false

A

true

may give topical NSAIDs

47
Q

what conditions is scleritis associated with

A

rheumatoid arthritis

GPA

48
Q

describe features of scleritis

A

painful
very serious
associated with uveitis

49
Q

what can be used to differentiate between scleritis and episcleritis

A

phenylephrine - vasoconstrictor

50
Q

episcleritis is phenylephrine positive/negative and scleritis is phenylephrine positive/negative

A

episcleritis - positive - vessels blanch and redness disappears
scleritis - negative - vessels and redness remain

51
Q

which refractive error increases risk of closed angle glaucoma

A

hypermetropia

52
Q

symptoms and signs of acute closed angle glaucoma

A 
acute red eye 
sudden loss of vision 
pain 
headache 
N+V 
stony hard eye 
injected vessels 
cloudy cornea 
mid dilated pupil
53
Q

what are types of posterior uveitis

A

vitritis
vasculitis
retinitis/choroiditis

Year 4 - Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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