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Year 4 - Ophthalmology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva

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2
Q

different causes of conjunctivitis

A

bacterial
viral
chlamydial
allergic

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3
Q

microbes that cause neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Staph A
N Gonorrhoea
Chlamydia

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4
Q

what do you do for less than 2 week old babies with conjunctivitis

A

refer straight to ophthalmology

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5
Q

other causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in older ages

A

Staph A
Strep pneumoniae
H Influenzae

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6
Q

symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

sticky discharge
usually unilateral
red conjunctiva

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7
Q

investigations and management of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

bacterial swab
topical chloramphenicol
topical fusidic acid

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8
Q

side effects and contraindications to chloramphenicol treatment

A

aplastic anaemia
allergy
grey baby syndrome

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9
Q

viral causes of conjunctivitis

A

adenovirus
herpes simplex
herpes zoster

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10
Q

symptoms of adenovirus conjunctivitis

A 
pink watery eye 
no discharge 
self limiting 
highly contagious 
bilateral
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11
Q

symptoms of HSV conjunctivitis

A

vesicles around the eye

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12
Q

symptoms of chlamydial conjunctivitis

A 
chronic course 
unresponsive to treatment 
suspect in young adults with bilateral disease 
? urethritis, vaginitis 
"grains of rice" under eyelid
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13
Q

investigations and management of chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

specific chlamydia swab - need to get explicit consent

topical oxytetracycline

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14
Q

what is keratitis

A

inflammation of the cornea

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15
Q

what are the different types of keratitis

A

bacterial
viral
fungal

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16
Q

what is a hypopyon and in which disease can it be seen

A

level of white cells in the eye

seen in keratitis (bacterial, fungal), endophthalmitis, uveitis

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17
Q

bacterial keratitis is not very severe, true or false

A

false, it is sight threatening

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18
Q

symptoms of bacterial keratitis

A

pain
reduced vision
white lesion on cornea
hypopyon

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19
Q

management of bacterial keratitis

A

urgent admission

hourly drops of ofloxacin (quinolone) for 48 hours

20
Q

patients with other corneal pathology tend to be more susceptible to bacterial keratitis, true or false

21
Q

patients with other corneal pathology tend to be more susceptible to viral keratitis, true or false

A

false, can occur in those with a normal cornea

22
Q

causes of viral keratitis

A

adenovirus

HSV - herpetic keratitis

23
Q

features of herpetic keratitis

A

pain
cant open eye
dendritic ulcer with fluroscein dye

24
Q

management of herpetic keratitis

25
Q

topical steroids can be used in the management of herpetic keratitis, true or false

A

FALSE

never treat herpetic keratitis with topical steroids as it can perforate the cornea

26
Q

features of adenovirus keratitis

A 
red watery eye 
\+- conjunctivitis 
bilateral 
can follow URTI
contagious
27
Q

causes of fungal keratitis

A

acanthamoeba

pseudonomas

28
Q

who is more likely to get acanthamoeba keratitis

A

contact lens wearers

29
Q

features of fungal keratitis

A

painful

difficult to treat

30
Q

what is orbital cellulitis

A

inflammation of eye tissues behind the orbital septum

31
Q

features of orbital cellulitis

A 
pain on movement 
proptosis 
pyrexia 
associated with paranasal sinusitis, chalazion
sight threatening!!
32
Q

management of orbital cellulitis

A

CT to identify abscesses

antibiotics

33
Q

what is preseptal cellulitis

A

inflammation in outer skin surface, anterior to orbital septum

34
Q

features of preseptal cellulitis

A

inflammation around the eye

no pain on eye movements

35
Q

SCAR acronym for orbital cellulitis

A

S - swelling of lids
C - chemosis
A - axial proptosis
R - restriction of ocular movements

36
Q

what is endophthalmitis

A

devastating infection inside the eye

sight threatening

37
Q

causes of endophthalmitis

A

iatrogenic - surgery

endogenous - infective endocarditis

38
Q

features of endophthalmitis

A

painful
loss of vision
bright red eye
hypopyon

39
Q

commonest cause of endophthalmitis

A

staph epidermidis

40
Q

management of endophthalmitis

A

intravitreal amikacin / ceftazidime / vancomycin

topical antibiotics

41
Q

what is chorioretinitis

A

inflammation of the choroid and retinal layers

42
Q

causes of chorioretinitis

A

CMV in AIDS
toxoplasma gondii - protozoa
toxocara canis - worm

43
Q

investigations for microbiology

A 
swabs - bacterial, viral, chlamydial 
corneal scrape 
aqueous/vitreous humour 
culture 
serology
44
Q

chloramphenicol can be used to treat pseudomonas, true or false

45
Q

what is the most common eye drop bottle contaminant

A

pseudomonas

therefore, discard drops after 4 weeks

Year 4 - Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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