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Year 4 - Ophthalmology > Orthoptics and paediatrics > Flashcards

Orthoptics and paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

what is orthoptics

A

manage defects of binocular vision and abnormalities of eye movements

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2
Q

why might you be referred to orthoptics

A 
squint
amblyopia 
refractive error 
ptosis 
nystagmus 
anisocoria 
diplopia 
stroke 
TED
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3
Q

examinations in orthoptics

A 
visual acuity 
cover test 
convergence 
ocular movements
binocular single vision 
measure deviation
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4
Q

what is amblyopia

A

impairment of vision without any clinically detectable abnormality of eye or visual pathway

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5
Q

define ametropic

A

(category of amblyopia)

bilateral uncorrected refractive error

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6
Q

define strabismic

A

(category of amblyopia)

squinting eye is “suppressed”

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7
Q

define anisometropic

A

(category of amblyopia)

unequal refractive error

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8
Q

what is stimulus deprivation

A

(category of amblyopia)

congenital cataract/ptosis

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9
Q

management of amblyopia

A

occlusion therapy

  • total (patch)
  • partial (atropine 1%)
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10
Q

what is the purpose of a cover test

A 
detects a:
manifest squint (tropia)
underlying latent squint (phoria)
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11
Q

how do you carry out a cover test

A

cover test - confirms eye with squint
cover/uncover test - confirms eye with latent squint
alternate cover - finds maximum deviation

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12
Q

in esotropia or esophoria, the eye is convergent/divergent and you see inward/outward movement

A

convergent

outward

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13
Q

in exotropia or exophoria, the eye is convergent/divergent and you see inward/outward movement

A

divergent

inward

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14
Q

in hypertropia or hyperphoria, the eye is higher/lower

A

higher

hypotropia/phoria is lower

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15
Q

what is a latent squint called

A

phoria

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16
Q

features of phoria (latent squint)

A

symmetric corneal reflections
binocular vision
underlying deviation in BOTH eyes
ie when both eyes are open and working together, the eyes will be straight and no squint will be seen

17
Q

what is a manifest squint called

A

tropia

18
Q

features of tropia (manifest squint)

A

asymmetric corneal reflections
no / poor binocular vision
present constantly
squint only in one eye at a time

19
Q

how do you assess ocular motility

A

use an occluder and a pen torch and carry out a cover test in the 9 positions of gaze (to test each EOM)

20
Q

most convergent/divergent squints are corrected by glasses

A

convergent

21
Q

a baby with an absent red reflex should be referred immediately, true or false

A

true

22
Q

causes of amblyopia

A

squint
refractive errors
obstruction to visual axis (cataract, ptosis)

23
Q

causes of squints

A 
congenital 
hypermetropia 
CN palsies
muscle pathology 
Orbital problems eg #
24
Q

in which types of squints is there overaccomodation and overconvergence?

A

hypermetropia

esotropia

25
Q

management of hypermetropia and esotropia

A

glasses

this reduces accomodative drive and aligns eyes to restore binocular vision

26
Q

what are different types of squint surgery

A

recession

resection

27
Q

causes of abnormal red reflex in children (yellow reflex, absent reflex, opacities)

A

retinoblastoma
coloboma
cataract
retinal detachment / dysplasia

28
Q

what is a coloboma

A

gap in ocular tissue

29
Q

causes of paediatric cataracts

A

genetic

infection

30
Q

causes of sticky eyes in infancy

A

chlamydial conjunctivitis

blocked nasolacrimal duct

31
Q

features of chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

sticky and red eye in first 10 days of life

32
Q

features of nasolacrimal duct obstruction

A

sticky and white uninflamed eye from 2 months

delayed fluroscein dye disappearance

33
Q

esotropia is often associated with hypermetropia, true or false

A

true

Year 4 - Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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