Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GOATED POM > Red cells > Flashcards

Red cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

Production of erythrocytes, platelets, megakaryocytic and leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What substance influences the production of erythrocytes?

A

Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Basophils, neutrophils, eoisinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What factors stimulate granulocyte formation?

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factors (G-CSF);

GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What factor stimulates platelet formation?

A

Thrombopoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cells are multipotent?

A

Myeloid progenitor cells

Lymphoid progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Oxygen transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Inflammation, phagocytosis of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Defence against parasitic infection?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of platelet?

A

Haemostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is WBC?

A

White blood count, number of white blood cells in a given volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is RBC?

A

Number of red blood cells in a given volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Hb?

A

Haemoglobin concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Pcv?

A

Mean packed volume proportion of centrifuged blood occupied by red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Hct?

A

Haematocrit, equivalent to PCV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is MCV?

A

Men cell volume, the average size of red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is MCH?

A

Mean cell haemoglobin, average amount of haemoglobin in a red cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is MCHC?

A

Mean cell haemoglobin concentration, the average concentration of haemoglobin in red cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is platelet count?

A

The number of platelets in a given volume of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do myeloid progenitor cells give rise to during erythropoiesis?

A

Proerythroblasts –> erythroblasts –> eryhthrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In respinse to cellular hypoxia , which hormone is released to stimulate erythropoeisis?

A

Erythropoeitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is erythropoietin synthesised and released from?

A

Kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What other hormone stimulates release of erythropoietin?

A

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which cells secrete erythropoietin?

A

Juxtatubular cell association with the particular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which factors stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin?

A

Hypoxia-inudicble factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which receptors does erythropoeitin bind onto?

A

Epo receptors-On surface of erythroid progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What proteins carry oxygen in RBCs?

A

Haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is the prophetic haem group arranged?

A

Haem group is bound to ferrous group held in porphyrin ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the adaptations of RBCs?

A

Thin cell membranes reduces diffusion pathway for oxygen molecules
No nucleus: Maximum storage capacity of Hb
Biconcave shape: Increases
SA:V ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

Conjugated globular protein with quaternary structure of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains.
Each chain is arranged around a haem group.
primary structure: Pseudo-repeating sequence of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why are haemoglobin molecules soluble?

A

Hydrophillic and hydrophobic interactions , polarised amino acid variable groups exposed externally, potential to form hydrogen bonds with water,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why is Hb Susceptible to denaturation?

A

No covalent or disulphide bonding between chains, therefore weakly linked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does haemoglobin bind to oxygen?

A

Iron enables haemoglobin to bind and release oxygen molecules, changing shape to the polypeptide chains (conformational change).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What form of iron is absorbed in duodenum?

A

Ferrous (Fe2+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What form is non-haem iron presented in?

A

Ferric (Fe3+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What reducing substances convert ferric iron to ferrous?

A

Vitamin c, ascorbic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which molecules reduce absorption of iron?

A

Phytates

38
Q

Why is excess iron toxic?

A

Free radicals , no physiological excretion of iron

39
Q

What molecules does hepcidin bind onto?

A

Ferroportin (Iron export protein)

40
Q

What is ferroportin?

A

Iron export protein

41
Q

What happens to ferroportin upon hepicidin binding?

A

Internalisation of ferroportin, ferrous iron is thereby sequestered within the enterocyte preventing efflux of iron

42
Q

Where does hepicidin act?

A

Gut, enterocytes

43
Q

How is hepcidin synthesis suppressed?

A

Erythropoietic activity, ensuring iron supply by increasing ferroportin in the duodenum enterocyte (maximising iron absorption)

44
Q

What happens to hepcidin synthesis during elevated iron levels?

A

Increases hepcidin synthesis, therefore iron sequestration increases, ferroportin degrades

45
Q

What is the role of macrophages in iron regulation?

A

Macrophages release iron that recycle in the spleen
Dietary absorption in the duodenum
Releases iron from storage in hepatocytes

46
Q

How is hepcidin influenced during inflammation?

A

Hepcidin production is stimulated, and iron entry into plasma is inhibited causes hypoferrenia and anaemia

47
Q

How is iron reduced to Fe2+?

A

Duodenal cytochrome b binds to divalent metal transporter on apical membrane.

48
Q

how is iron stored?

A

Iron is stored as ferritin or oxidised

49
Q

How is iron delivered to the bone marrow?

A

Plasma iron bound to transferrin

50
Q

What is the function of b12 and folate?

A

Necessary for the synthesis of thymidine, thus deficiency will result in the inhibition of DNA synthesis

51
Q

Why do erythroblasts require B12 & folate?

A

Required for proliferation during differentiation

52
Q

What happens during b12 and folate deficiency?

A

Inhibits purine and thymidylate syntheses, impairs dna synthesis and causes erythroblast apoptosis

53
Q

What condition occurs during b12 deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic erythropoiesis, macrocytosis

54
Q

What is the purpose of B12?

A

Cofactor for the conversion of methyl-malonyl Coa to succinylcholine CoA

55
Q

How is B12 absorbed?

A

Hydrochloric stomach acid releases B12
B12 combines with haptocorrin, cleaved by and bound to instrinsic factor
B12-IF Complex traverses into the small intestine, binds to ileum receptors
Taken up by enterocyte and bound to trans cobalamin-II

56
Q

What molecule does B12 combine with within the stomach?

A

Haptocorrin

57
Q

What molecule cleaves haptocorrin?

A

Intrinsic factor

58
Q

What cells secrete Intrinsic factor?

A

Gastric parietal cells

59
Q

How is b12-IF complex taken up?

A

By enterocyte

60
Q

how is b12 stored in the liver and transported?

A

Transcobalamin-II

61
Q

Where is folate absorbed?

A

Duodenum & Jejunum

62
Q

What are the causes for vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Inadequate intake of sources containing B12 (Veganism)
Lack of stomach acid (Achlorhydria)
Inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor
Malabsorption

63
Q

How are erythrocytes destroyed?

A

Phagocytic cells of the spleen; phagocytic vacuole envelops ingested RBC, lysosome hydrolytic ally digests cell into haem and globin components

64
Q

What are phagocytic cells of the spleen named as?

A

Splenic reticuloendothelial macrophages

65
Q

What is the fate of globin?

A

Hydrolysed into amino acids, and returned to bone marrow for erythropoiesis

66
Q

What is transferrin?

A

Iron binding glycoproteins and is transported to the bone marrow to be incorporated into the synthesis of erythrocytes

67
Q

What are the two iron storage molecules?

A

Ferritin and hemosiderin

68
Q

What is the fate of the non-iron portion of haem?

A

Biliverdin converted into bilirubin, binds to albumin and travers to liver to produce bile

69
Q

What happens to circulating bilirubin?

A

Kidneys remove and secrete into urine

70
Q

What is microcytic anaemia?

A

RBC are comparatively smaller than the standard, anaemia with the small red cells (Microcytosis)

71
Q

What is normocytic anaemia?

A

RBC normal in size, anaemia

72
Q

What is macrocytosis?

A

Anaemia with cells larger than standard

73
Q

What is hypochromia?

A

Cells have larger area of central pallor than normal, due to lower haemoglobin content and concentration; flatter cell

74
Q

What is polychromatic?

A

Blue tinge associated to the cytosol of an erythrocyte, indicates young cell, polychromatic cells are larger than; cause of macrocytosis

75
Q

What is reticulocytosis?

A

Higher than normal count of reticulocytes(Immature RBCs)

76
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Illustrates variation in size than the standard

77
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

variation in shape

78
Q

What are the different shapes in RBCs?

A

Spherocytes, irregularity contracted cells, sickle cells, target cells, ellioptocytes and fragments

79
Q

What are target cells?

A

Accumulation of haemoglobin in the centre of the area of central pallor

80
Q

What codon mutation is concerned with sickle cell?

A

Codon no/6, charged glutamic acid into uncharged valine

81
Q

What is the beer lambert law and what is the formula?

A
82
Q

How is illumination of a microscope lamp adjusted?

A

Adjusting the voltage

83
Q

What are the steps to focussing a microscope?

A

Step 1: Focus the image.
Step 2: Focus the condenser.
Step 3: Adjust the field iris.
Step 4: Adjust the condenser iris.

84
Q
A

Neutrophil

85
Q
A

Lymphocyte

86
Q
A

Eosinophil

87
Q
A

Monocyte

88
Q
A

Basophil

89
Q

How do you prepare a blood film and how can you reduce the amount of damaged RBCs with the spreader?

A

A drop of blood from can be taken from a finger by using a sterile lancet to puncture the fleshy pad alongside the base of a fingernail. Immediately, the drop should be placed on a clean slide and slowly smear it out in a film, using a second slide as a spreader, as indicated in the diagram below. Notice that the direction of spreading is so that the blood drop remains behind the spreader, otherwise blood cells might become damaged between the two slides.

90
Q

What causes elliptocytosis and spherocytosis?

A

Elliptocytosis-Disruption of horizontal linkages
Spherocytosis-Disruption of vertical linkages

GOATED POM (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions