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GOATED POM > Compartments & Solutes > Flashcards

Compartments & Solutes Flashcards

1
Q

Which cation is most abundant in plasma?

A

Sodium

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2
Q

Which cation is most abundant intracellularly?

A

Potassium

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3
Q

Is calcium a more abundant intracellularly of extracellularly?

A

Higher concentrations extracellularly

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4
Q

How is the internally high concentration of potassium neutralized?

A

Anions

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5
Q

What are the anions present intracellularly?

A

Phosphate ins

Proteins (net negative charge)

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6
Q

What is an isotonic concentration?

A

No osmotic effect

Between blood and intracellular compartment

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spontaneous movement of a solute down a concentration gradient until solute molecules reach an equilibrium

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8
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movements of water through a water potential gradient across a partially permeable membrane (High water potential to low)

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9
Q

What is water potential?

A

Water potential is the tendency of water to move out of a system

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10
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Solute concentration*Number of particles

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11
Q

What is the final state of osmosis?

A

Intracellular osmolarity = Outside osmolarity

Equal concentrations, no net volume change or diffusion

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12
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a semi-permeable cell membrane

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13
Q

Which two factors influence tonicity?

A

Cell membrane permeability
Solution composition

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14
Q

What are hypertonic solutions?

A

The osmolarity of the extracellular impermeant solutes greater than those inside the cells
Water moves to the region of lower water potential by osmosis, thereby the cell undergoes crenation

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15
Q

What are hypotonic solutions?

A

The osmolarity of the extracellular impermeant solutes are less than those inside the cell. The direction of osmosis and the net movement of water will be from the solution o to the cell
Cell swells and lysis

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16
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

The osmolarity of the extracellular impermeant solutes identical to those inside the cell
Cell volume, therefore, remains the cells

17
Q

How do cells regulate cell volume?

A

Impermeant solute concentration greater intracellularly
Cells do not burst due to ATPase potassium-Sodium pump
Results in membrane permeability to Na, sodium actively pumped out
No net movement of sodium ions across the membrane
The intracellular osmolarity of the impermeant solutes negates the extracellular osmolarity of the impermeant solutes
The high concentration of protein within the cell

18
Q

Which molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer into the cell?

A 
Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide
Hydrophobic molecules (steroids) undergo passive diffusion
19
Q

How do hydrophilic molecules enter into the cell?

A

Active transport via carrier proteins and ion channels

20
Q

How is ATP supplied to active transport?

A

ATP hydrolysis, ATP is supplied by creatine kinase via creatine phosphate

21
Q

What conditions are used to preserve transplanted organs?

A

4 degrees celsius, perfused with cold solutions with the arteriole supply

22
Q

What peripheral condition is associated with hypothermic conditions?

A

Ischaemia

23
Q

What happens to ATPase Na-K during ischemia?

A

The function is inhibited, low oxygen availability , ATP supplied is limited
Sodium and chloride will subsequently enter the cell and sodium permeability increases, along their respective electrochemical and concnetration gradients, water will enter the cell as potassium exists, Cell swell, bleb and necrosis

24
Q

What is the University of Wisconsin solution (UW) and why is it useful?

A

Organ is perfused with the solution, reduces hypothermic cell swelling and enhances cell preservation
Lack of Na+ and Cl-; prevents influx of extracellular impermeant solutes
Colloid (starch)
Allopurinol and glutathione antioxidants
Raffinose(EC impermeant solute)

25
Q

What is in the UW solution?

A

Raffinose, lactobionate
HES
Potassium (high)
Low sodium

26
Q

How do solutes exchange occur across endothelial membranes?

A

Pores and clefts

27
Q

At the arteriole end, why is hydrostatic pressure greater?

A

The pressure generated due to ventricular systole

28
Q

At the venule end describe the pattern of pressure?

A

The colloid oncotic pressure is greater attributed to plasma protein osmolarity.

29
Q

What is edema?

A

Accumulation of fluids within tissues, results due to imbalance of normal cycle of fluid exchange in tissues causing accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces

30
Q

What causes oedema?

A

Increased permeability of capillary walls, proteins are lost through an increase in pore size, reducing the overall COP, osmolarity in interstitial space subsequently increased, water moves out.

31
Q

What is the role performed by lymphatic capillaries?

A

Collect interstitial fluid to be returned to circulation, combats net loss of plasma fluid

32
Q

Why do lymph nodes have low internal pressure?

A

Establishes pressure gradient, the net flow of fluids from tissue into capillaries.

33
Q

What is inflammatory oedema?

A

Diapedesis occurs during inflammation, increases the permeability of the capillary, resulting in efflux and accumulation of interstitial fluid

34
Q

How does hydrostatic pressure occur?

A

High salt diet results in high blood pressure, increasing hydrostatic pressure in vessels, increases outwards fluid movement lead to interstitial fluid accumulation

35
Q

What are the potential causes of oedema?

A

Breast cancer survivor (axillary lymph node is removed), removes pathway of drainage
Elephantiasis: Parasitic worms blocks lymphatic vessels, right groin region

36
Q

How to calculate osmolarity?

A

Number of particles * x concentration = osmolarity

e.g conc of NaCl = 2
osmolarity = 4 (NaCl is made up of 2 ions)

37
Q

What is the distribution of CK isoforms like?

A

Ck-MM mainly in skeletal muscle
Ck-MB mainly in cardiac muscle
Ck-BB mainly in brain tissue

GOATED POM (39 decks)

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