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Immunology and Haematology > Red Blood Cells > Flashcards

Red Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what capability do stem cells have?

A

self renewal

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2
Q

how does red blood cell production begin?

A

stem cells create burst forming units and then colony forming units

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3
Q

how are erythroblasts formed?

A

proerythroblats are formed which shrink through cell divisions into erythroblasts

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4
Q

what is erythropoeisis regulated by?

A

EPO

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5
Q

how are reticulocytes formed?

A

the proerythrocytes eject their nuclei and differentiate into reticulocytes

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6
Q

what can reticulocytes do to form a blood cell?

A

digest their redundant organelles, pass into the blood and differentiate into red blood cells

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7
Q

how long do erythrocytes live for?

A

about 1 day

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8
Q

what things are indicated by a raised reticulocyte level?

A

haemolytic anaemia and following blood loss

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9
Q

what is haemolytic anaemia?

A

red blood cells are destroyed faster than they were made

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10
Q

why does it increase following blood loss?

A

more red blood cells being made to make up for the loss

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11
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

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12
Q

what does hypoxia stimulate?

A

erythropoiesis

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13
Q

what happens to the globin after red cell death?

A

converted into amino acids and resused in protein synthesis

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14
Q

what happens to the haem after red cell death?

A

broken into iron and biliverdin

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15
Q

where does the iron go that comes from the haem?

A

transported via transferrin for storage in the liver and later to the bone marrow for erythropoiesis

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16
Q

what happens to the biliverdin?

A

further processed and excreted in bile

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17
Q

what are the 3 distinctive features of erythrocytes?

A

uncomplicated cell membrane, lack of a nucleus or organelles and membranes carry antigens

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18
Q

what does an uncomplicated cell membrane cause?

A

simple passage of oxygen yet fragile and easily damaged

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19
Q

what does lack of nucleus allow?

A

flexibility to penetrate capillaries yet cannot make protective enzymes

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20
Q

what does the surface antigens on the blood cells allow?

A

resistance to some diseases yet complicates transfusion

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21
Q

what do all of the features provide to the blood cell?

A

highly specialised but have a short life span of 120 days

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22
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

iron containing protein specialised to pick up oxygen and release it at different concentrations

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23
Q

what makes haemoglobin soluble?

A

the 4 polypeptide chains are coiled up so that the hydrophilic R groups are o the outside of the molecule and bind to the H20

24
Q

how is haemoglobin able to bind to oxygen?

A

haem group contains an iron ion for oxygen to bind to

25
Q

how many haem groups are their in a haemoglobin molecule?

A

4

26
Q

how is the shape of haemoglobin related to its function?

A

able to pick up and drop off oxygen, shape changes after the 1st molecule binds

27
Q

what is ferritin?

A

an intracellular protein that stores iron

28
Q

what does low ferritin indicate?

A

iron deficiency anaemia as demand for iron is higher than the amount of ferritin available

29
Q

how does ferritin increase the production of red blood cells?

A

stored in bodys cells and stimulated when cell levels are low, then binds to transferrin and transported to the bone marrow to make more

30
Q

what are the anaemia symptoms in the eyes?

A

yellowing

31
Q

what are the anaemia symptoms in the CNS?

A

fatigue, dizziness, fainting

32
Q

what is the anaemia symptoms in the skin?

A

paleness, coldness, yellowing

33
Q

what is the anaemia symptoms in the heart?

A

palpitations, rapid heart rate, chest pain, angina, heart attack

34
Q

what are the repercussions of anemaia?

A

tired all the time, decreased IQ in children, failure to breastfeed, risk of heart attack

35
Q

what things cause difference in symptom presentation?

A

speed of onset, severity, age

36
Q

how does speed of onset effect anaemia symptoms?

A

rapidly progressive anaemia causes more symptoms as less time for adaptation

37
Q

how does age affect anaemia symptoms?

A

the elderly tolerate anaemia much less due to having a weak CV system

38
Q

how does spectrometry work?

A

the red blood cells are made into a soup and the density of the solution is proportional to the haemaglobin level

39
Q

what is impendance?

A

red blood cells pass through a pore, this impends the electricity passing through which is proportional to its size

40
Q

how do you calculate the mean cell haemoglobin concentration?

A

haemoglobin divided by the MCVxRBCCx100

41
Q

what is poikilocytosis?

A

varied shaped red blood cells caused by a lack of B12

42
Q

what is echinocytes?

A

red blood cells with projections on the cell membrane

43
Q

how are echinocytes caused?

A

prolonged storage in anticoagulant

44
Q

what are schistocytes?

A

irregularly shaped red blood cells

45
Q

what caused schistocytes?

A

mechanical destruction of red blood cells e.g. mechanical heart valves

46
Q

what is spherocytosis?

A

presence of spherical red blood cells

47
Q

how can spherocytosis be caused?

A

transfusion reactions

48
Q

what indicated an abnormaility in the bone marrow?

A

erythropoiesis occuring in the peripheral blood

49
Q

what is a type of hyperchromic anaemia?

A

iron deficiency anaemia

50
Q

what is macrocytic anaemia?

A

lack of B12 which is needed for heam synthesis

51
Q

what is folate used for?

A

aid in turning thmidylate into thymine in DNA replication

52
Q

what does a lack in folate cause?

A

incomplete DNA replication so ineffective haemopoiesis

53
Q

what are haemoglobinopathies?

A

genetic disorders of heamoglobin as they cause altered structure or loss of

54
Q

what are two examples of haemaglobinopathies?

A

sickle cell disease or thalassaemias

55
Q

what is alpha thalassaemia?

A

the loss of one or two of the alpha chain genes

56
Q

what is beta thalassaemia?

A

no or small amounts of beta chains are made

57
Q

what is the defintion of massive haemorrhage?

A

loss of more than one blood volume in 24 hours

Immunology and Haematology (10 decks)

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